Clinical characteristics of all patients with type 2 diabetes and changes in insulin type and proportion of use of non-insulin drugs in association with insulin regimen among insulin-treated patients in the JDDM study between 2002 and 2018
| Year | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 |
| Number of patients | 17 392 | 24 650 | 31 483 | 42 560 | 51 551 | 53 796 | 51 091 | 50 705 | 52 131 |
| Number of participating clinics | 28 | 50 | 52 | 69 | 72 | 74 | 67 | 58 | 54 |
| Male, % | 60.9 | 61.5 | 61.9 | 62.1 | 62.5 | 62.5 | 62.9 | 62.7 | 63.1 |
| Age, years | 62.7±11.2 | 62.8±11.4 | 63.1±11.5 | 63.7±11.7 | 64.2±11.7 | 64.9±11.8 | 65.4±11.8 | 66.3±12.0 | 66.8±12.1 |
| Duration, years | 10.9±8.9 | 10.7±8.8 | 12.1±12.2 | 10.7±9.0 | 12.3±9.2 | 12.7±9.5 | 13.4±9.8 | 14.5±9.6 | 15.0±9.7 |
| Glucose-lowering drugs, % | |||||||||
| Insulin only | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.2 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 8.6 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 3.6 |
| Insulin+non-insulin | 8.1 | 9.3 | 10.5 | 11.0 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 14.6 | 14.4 | 15.1 |
| Non-insulin | 50.8 | 51.5 | 55.5 | 51.8 | 55.4 | 61.6 | 62.1 | 59.6 | 67.0 |
| No drugs | 26.1 | 25.2 | 20.9 | 25.0 | 21.0 | 16.8 | 16.3 | 21.4 | 14.4 |
| Among patients with insulin treatment | |||||||||
| n | 4013 | 5737 | 7446 | 9868 | 12 154 | 11 610 | 10 993 | 9622 | 9703 |
| Human insulin, % | |||||||||
| NPH | 38.5 | 32.5 | 27.9 | 16.9 | 10.5 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.6* |
| Regular | 22.8 | 18.3 | 11.3 | 6.6 | 4.2 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.9* |
| Mixed | 55.2 | 41.5 | 25.9 | 17.3 | 10.7 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 1.4* |
| Analog insulin, % | |||||||||
| Long-acting | 0.0 | 8.1 | 12.4 | 22.0 | 34.7 | 49.7 | 62.9 | 69.5 | 65.5* |
| Prandial | 14.7 | 28.2 | 36.1 | 38.2 | 40.7 | 42.3 | 46.4 | 41.5 | 40.6* |
| Premixed | 0.0 | 6.5 | 22.9 | 33.9 | 35.8 | 37.0 | 27.7 | 23.8 | 30.0* |
| Use of non-insulin drugs, % | 35.1 | 40.0 | 44.3 | 47.5 | 54.1 | 60.0 | 67.9 | 76.1 | 80.9* |
| Basal only | 22.9 | 24.8 | 23.3 | 21.4 | 25.3 | 24.5 | 31.4 | 40.3 | 36.1* |
| Bolus only | 10.6 | 14.2 | 17.0 | 15.5 | 12.6 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 2.9* |
| Basal bolus | 14.8 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 13.4 | 17.1 | 27.6 | 33.4 | 30.3 | 28.3* |
| Premixed | 44.4 | 39.1 | 37.6 | 39.0 | 35.5 | 37.8 | 26.8 | 22.6 | 27.6* |
| Others | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 10.7 | 9.5 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 5.0* |
| No use of non-insulin drugs, % | 64.9 | 60.0 | 55.7 | 52.5 | 45.9 | 40.0 | 32.1 | 23.9 | 19.1* |
| Basal only | 12.9 | 9.6 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 11.1* |
| Bolus only | 7.0 | 13.7 | 12.2 | 12.8 | 11.7 | 8.5 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 7.0* |
| Basal bolus | 23.0 | 27.9 | 30.6 | 27.1 | 31.5 | 43.2 | 53.0 | 54.2 | 55.1* |
| Premixed | 45.4 | 37.0 | 35.9 | 37.2 | 33.9 | 31.6 | 24.9 | 22.4 | 20.4* |
| Others | 11.7 | 11.8 | 14.8 | 15.1 | 14.4 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.4* |
*P<0.001 for trend by Mantel-Haenszel test.
JDDM, Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management; NPH, Neutral Protamin Hagedorn.