Free-living glycemic control parameters
| WP | PLA | P value | |
| Data collected (hour:min) | 2946:09 | 2950:28 | – |
| Glucose parameters | |||
| Mean 24-hour glucose (mmol/L) | 8.9±1.8 | 9.5±2.0# | 0.045 |
| GMI (mmol/mol)* | 54.6±8.6 | 57.4±9.5# | 0.045 |
| iAUC 0–120 min (mmol/L/min) | 1.6±0.6 | 2.1±0.9# | 0.003 |
| PPG (mmol/L) | 3.0±1.0 | 3.7±1.3# | 0.007 |
| Time in ranges | |||
| <3.0 mmol/L (%)* Time (hour:min) | 0.1±0.3 0:00±0:06 | 0.1±0.3 0:00±0:06 | 0.317 |
| 3.0–3.8 mmol/L (%)* Time (hour:min) | 0.5±1.4 0:06±0:18 | 1.0±3.4 0:12±0:48 | 0.953 |
| 3.9–7.8 mmol/L (%) Time (hour:min) | 38.3±26.0 9:02±6:02 | 29.5±22.2# 7:05±5:18 | 0.021 |
| 3.9–10.0 mmol/L (%)* Time (hour:min) | 69.6±24.6 16:42±5:54 | 60.9±27.4# 14:37±6:36 | 0.035 |
| 10.0–13.9 mmol/L (%) Time (hour:min) | 24.7±18.6 5:55±4:30 | 30.0±17.9 7:11±4:48 | 0.089 |
| > 13.9 mmol/L (%)* Time (hour:min) | 5.5±7.9 1:19±1:54 | 8.5±12.9 2:02±3:06 | 0.352 |
| > 10 mmol/L (%)† Time (hour:min) | 29.8±25.1 7:09±6:01 | 38.1±28.4# 9:08±6:48 | 0.024 |
| Glycemic variability | |||
| %CV | 23.8±5.8 | 23.1±5.0 | 0.609 |
| MAGE (mmol/L) | 5.0±1.1 | 5.1±1.0 | 0.653 |
| High blood glucose index† | 7.0±4.6 | 8.5±5.6 | 0.052 |
| Low blood glucose index* | 0.8±1.0 | 0.9±1.4 | 0.689 |
| MODD (mmol/L) | 1.9±0.5 | 2.0±0.5 | 0.349 |
Boldface and # indicates a statistical difference between treatments determined by a paired sampled t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p<0.05). All data are presented as means±SDs unless stated otherwise.
*Data were analyzed non-parametrically by a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
†Data were logarithmically transformed prior to analysis.
%CV, coefficient of variance; GMI, glucose management indicator; iAUC, incremental area under the curve; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; MODD, mean of daily differences; PLA, placebo; ∆PPG, peak incremental change in glucose; WP, whey protein.