Incidence and adjusted ORs* for hospitalization only and severe outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes or at risk of type 2 diabetes
| Type 2 diabetes | At risk of type 2 diabetes† | |||||||
| Hospitalization only (%) | ICU, intubation, death (%) | Hospitalization OR (95% CI) | ICU, intubation, death OR (95% CI) | Hospitalization only (%) | ICU, intubation, death (%) | Hospitalization OR (95% CI) | ICU, intubation, death OR (95% CI) | |
| Age <65 | 16.6 | 7.6 | Ref | Ref | 9.7 | 2.2 | Ref | Ref |
| Age ≥65 | 26.1 | 17.4 | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.49)‡ | 1.45 (1.13 to 1.85)‡ | 22.4 | 12.3 | 1.20 (1.01 to 1.43)‡ | 2.05 (1.57 to 2.67)‡ |
| Women | 20.2 | 10.6 | Ref | Ref | 12.2 | 3.5 | Ref | Ref |
| Men | 21.4 | 13.3 | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) | 1.21 (0.98 to 1.49) | 13.8 | 6.5 | 1.14 (1.00 to 1.30) | 1.62 (1.32 to 1.99)‡ |
| White | 19.8 | 15.8 | Ref | Ref | 12.3 | 5.8 | Ref | Ref |
| Black | 20.4 | 7.8 | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.32) | 0.68 (0.52 to 0.89)‡ | 14.8 | 2.6 | 1.54 (1.31 to 1.80)‡ | 0.81 (0.43 to 1.52) |
| Hispanic | 27.3 | 8.7 | 1.73 (1.36 to 2.19)‡ | 1.10 (0.78 to 1.55) | 13.7 | 2.7 | 1.77 (1.43 to 2.18)‡ | 1.23 (0.81 to 1.87) |
| March to June 2020 | 24.1 | 15.0 | Ref | Ref | 15.7 | 5.5 | Ref | Ref |
| July to October 2020 | 22.1 | 9.1 | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.89)‡ | 0.35 (0.27 to 0.47)‡ | 15.6 | 3.0 | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.05) | 0.39 (0.29 to 0.53)‡ |
| November 2020 to February 2021 | 17.9 | 11.3 | 0.55 (0.45 to 0.66)‡ | 0.36 (0.29 to 0.46)‡ | 9.8 | 5.1 | 0.52 (0.44 to 0.60)‡ | 0.53 (0.42 to 0.67)‡ |
| BMI <18.5 | 28.6 | 23.8 | 1.49 (0.49 to 4.55) | 2.17 (0.60 to 7.79) | 34.8 | 4.4 | 1.80 (0.67 to 4.84) | 0.63 (0.07 to 5.28) |
| BMI 18.5–24.9 | 25.4 | 12.8 | Ref | Ref | 18.0 | 7.9 | Ref | Ref |
| BMI 25–29.9 | 25.1 | 11.6 | 1.18 (0.89 to 1.56) | 1.10 (0.75 to 1.61) | 12.4 | 4.5 | 0.73 (0.59 to 0.91)‡ | 0.66 (0.48 to 0.92)‡ |
| BMI 30–39.9 | 18.8 | 11.6 | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.20) | 1.17 (0.81 to 1.67) | 11.8 | 4.7 | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.96)‡ | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.22) |
| BMI ≥40 | 18.2 | 12.1 | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.43) | 1.52 (1.02 to 2.26)‡ | 12.3 | 3.0 | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.21) | 0.81 (0.52 to 1.27) |
| CCI score (every 5 units) | 2.06 (1.76 to 2.42)‡ | 2.75 (2.26 to 3.35)‡ | 4.24 (3.64 to 4.93)‡ | 6.12 (4.94 to 7.60)‡ | ||||
| No insulin | 16.7 | 9.5 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Any insulin | 27.5 | 15.9 | 1.63 (1.37 to 1.94)‡ | 1.59 (1.27 to 1.99)‡ | ||||
| No metformin | 24.8 | 15.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Any metformin | 15.2 | 6.7 | 0.63 (0.53 to 0.75)‡ | 0.56 (0.45 to 0.71)‡ | ||||
| No DPP-4 inhibitor | 21.1 | 11.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Any DPP-4 inhibitor | 17.5 | 12.1 | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.98)‡ | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.42) | ||||
| No GLP-1R agonist | 21.1 | 11.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Any GLP-1R agonist | 13.4 | 11.5 | 0.61 (0.40 to 0.93)‡ | 1.07 (0.66 to 1.72) | ||||
| No SGLT2 inhibitor | 21.1 | 12.2 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Any SGLT2 inhibitor | 17.4 | 8.7 | 1.08 (0.82 to 1.42) | 1.06 (0.73 to 1.55) | ||||
*Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, CCI score, time of COVID-19 diagnosis, BMI category, SBP (quartile), DBP (quartile), HDL level (quartile), and LDL level (quartile). Additional adjustments for HbA1c level, insulin use, metformin use, DPP-4 inhibitor use, GLP-1R agonist use, and SGLT2 inhibitor use in analyses of patients with type 2 diabetes.
†At risk defined based on elevated BMI, pre-diabetes diagnosis, or elevated HbA1c.
‡P<0.05.
BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1R, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ICU, intensive care unit; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 .