Patient characteristics by 30-day outcome in patients with COVID-19 with type 2 diabetes or at risk of type 2 diabetes
| Type 2 diabetes* | At risk of type 2 diabetes†‡ | |||||||
| Total (n=4944) | No hospitalization (n=3333) | Hospitalization only (n=1025) | ICU, intubation, death (n=586) | Total (n=10 781) | No hospitalization (n=8902) | Hospitalization only (n=1379) | ICU, intubation, death (n=500) | |
| Age (year) | 62.3 (14.0) | 60.1 (13.6) | 65.8 (13.8) | 68.8 (13.5) | 52.4 (17.3) | 50.4 (16.4) | 59.8 (17.4) | 69.2 (17.2) |
| Age group (%) | ||||||||
| <65 | 56.5 | 63.5 | 45.2 | 36.2 | 75.8 | 80.8 | 57.7 | 35.8 |
| ≥65 | 43.5 | 36.5 | 54.8 | 63.8 | 24.2 | 19.2 | 42.3 | 64.2 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||||
| Men | 46.2 | 44.8 | 47.6 | 51.9 | 37.7 | 36.4 | 40.8 | 53.0 |
| Women | 53.8 | 55.2 | 52.4 | 48.1 | 62.3 | 63.6 | 59.3 | 47.0 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 52.0 | 49.7 | 49.8 | 69.3 | 63.7 | 63.2 | 61.0 | 80.2 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 28.8 | 30.7 | 28.4 | 18.9 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 24.3 | 11.6 |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 3.9 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.4 |
| Hispanic | 13.4 | 12.8 | 17.7 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 5.8 |
| Unknown | 1.8 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
| Smoking (%) | ||||||||
| Current | 4.8 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 7.7 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 7.2 |
| Former | 19.5 | 15.7 | 23.0 | 35.0 | 16.7 | 14.6 | 23.4 | 35.0 |
| Never | 32.6 | 32.3 | 31.5 | 35.8 | 40.1 | 39.8 | 45.0 | 48.8 |
| Unknown | 43.1 | 47.8 | 40.5 | 21.5 | 36.9 | 40.2 | 25.5 | 9.0 |
| Location (%) | ||||||||
| Urban | 94.5 | 97.6 | 97.8 | 71.3 | 95.7 | 97.1 | 97.5 | 67.6 |
| Rural Unknown | 1.9 3.6 | 2.1 0.3 | 1.6 0.7 | 1.2 27.5 | 2.5 1.8 | 2.7 0.3 | 1.9 0.7 | 0.8 31.6 |
| Comorbidity (%) | ||||||||
| MI | 12.6 | 9.1 | 18.9 | 21.5 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 5.9 | 8.4 |
| Heart failure | 24.3 | 17.0 | 36.7 | 44.4 | 7.4 | 5.0 | 14.7 | 29.2 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 19.0 | 14.2 | 28.5 | 30.0 | 6.3 | 4.6 | 11.5 | 22.8 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 17.7 | 13.4 | 25.8 | 28.0 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 13.4 | 20.0 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 33.5 | 31.4 | 36.5 | 39.9 | 24.3 | 23.2 | 27.4 | 35.2 |
| Liver disease, mild | 15.1 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 14.5 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 9.84 | 8.0 |
| Renal disease, mild-moderate | 28.8 | 20.5 | 41.8 | 53.2 | 8.1 | 5.5 | 17.6 | 28.2 |
| Any malignancy | 10.9 | 9.3 | 12.9 | 16.2 | 8.7 | 6.7 | 18.5 | 17.8 |
| CCI score | 5.4 (3.1) | 4.7 (2.8) | 6.6 (3.2) | 7.3 (3.2) | 2.2 (2.4) | 1.8 (2.0) | 3.6 (2.9) | 5.0 (3.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.2 (8.2) | 33.9 (8.2) | 32.4 (8.2) | 32.8 (9.3) | 32.3 (7.1) | 32.4 (7.1) | 31.8 (7.5) | 31.0 (6.4) |
| BMI category (%) | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
| 18.5 to <25 | 9.0 | 8.3 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 12.3 | 14.8 |
| 25–29.9 | 22.2 | 20.9 | 26.8 | 21.7 | 33.3 | 33.5 | 32.3 | 32.4 |
| 30–39.9 | 45.6 | 47.1 | 41.3 | 44.5 | 42.1 | 42.6 | 38.9 | 42.4 |
| 40+ | 21.0 | 21.7 | 18.4 | 21.3 | 13.1 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 8.4 |
| Unknown | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 1.8 |
| SBP (mm Hg)§ | 132.3 (18.1) | 131.6 (17.2) | 134.3 (19.2) | 132.8 (19.6) | 126.7 (16.3) | 126.2 (15.9) | 129.1 (17.8) | 129.3 (18.2) |
| DBP (mm Hg)¶ | 76.1 (11.2) | 77.1 (10.8) | 75.0 (11.7) | 72.9 (11.7) | 76.9 (10.5) | 77.2 (10.4) | 75.6 (10.8) | 73.6 (11.0) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)** | 46.2 (14.2) | 46.5 (13.9) | 45.3 (14.8) | 44.8 (14.6) | 52.9 (15.4) | 53.0 (15.1) | 52.9 (16.7) | 50.1 (17.1) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)†† | 136.2 (47.5) | 139.3 (47.6) | 129.5 (45.5) | 126.4 (48.4) | 152.3 (41.7) | 143.7 (40.6) | 146.9 (45.6) | 138.0 (47.9) |
| Time of COVID-19 diagnosis (%) | ||||||||
| March to June 2020 | 29.1 | 26.3 | 33.9 | 36.9 | 25.1 | 24.0 | 30.8 | 30.0 |
| July to October 2020 | 24.6 | 25.1 | 26.2 | 18.9 | 26.6 | 26.2 | 32.4 | 17.4 |
| November to January 2021 | 46.3 | 48.6 | 40.0 | 44.2 | 48.3 | 49.9 | 36.8 | 52.6 |
| HbA1c category (%) | ||||||||
| <6.0% | 10.8 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 13.1 | ||||
| 6.0%–6.9% | 23.9 | 24.9 | 22.2 | 21.2 | ||||
| 7.0%–7.9% | 16.5 | 16.5 | 17.1 | 15.2 | ||||
| 8.0%–8.9% | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 9.2 | ||||
| ≥9.0% | 13.6 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 12.8 | ||||
| Unknown | 26.4 | 25.5 | 28.3 | 28.5 | ||||
| HbA1c level (%)‡‡ | 7.6 (1.90) | 7.6 (1.87) | 7.6 (1.99) | 7.6 (2.07) | ||||
| Any sulfonylureas (%) | 17.2 | 19.8 | 14.5 | 13.5 | ||||
| Any metformin (%) | 42.3 | 49.1 | 30.9 | 23.9 | ||||
| Any insulin (%) | 37.3 | 31.3 | 49.5 | 50.0 | ||||
| Any DPP-4 inhibitor (%) | 10.7 | 11.1 | 9.0 | 10.9 | ||||
| Any GLP-1R agonist (%) | 4.4 | 5.0 | 2.8 | 4.3 | ||||
| Any SGLT2 inhibitor (%) | 9.6 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 7.0 | ||||
Data presented as mean (SD) or per cent.
*All p values <0.05 except location, liver disease, BMI category, and HbA1c category.
†All p values <0.05 except location.
‡At risk defined based on elevated BMI, pre-diabetes diagnosis, or elevated HbA1c.
§SBP n=15 439.
¶DBP n=15 438.
**HDL n=8369.
††LDL n=8376.
‡‡HbA1c n=6720.
BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1R, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ICU, intensive care unit; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MI, myocardial infarction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 .