Participant characteristics: the Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) study (N=1642)
| Racial/ethnic background | |
| Black | 61 (3.7) |
| Chinese American | 175 (10.7) |
| Filipina | 181 (11.0) |
| South Asian | 151 (9.2) |
| Asian, other | 164 (10.0) |
| Latina | 341 (20.8) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 394 (24.0) |
| Multiracial/other | 175 (10.7) |
| Education: less than a 4-year college degree | 816 (49.7) |
| Parity | |
| 0 | 705 (42.9) |
| 1 | 566 (34.5) |
| ≥2 | 371 (22.6) |
| Elevated T2D risk | 297 (18.1) |
| Perinatal depression | 407 (24.8) |
| Attended postpartum visit | 1537 (93.6) |
| Preterm delivery | 182 (11.1) |
| Cesarean delivery | 547 (33.3) |
| Use of GDM medication | 457 (27.8) |
| GEM trial arm | |
| Usual care | 838 (51.0) |
| Intervention | 804 (49.0) |
Values are presented as frequencies (%).
T2D risk was computed per the American Diabetes Association risk test,23 26 including the following factors: age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, physical activity, history of hypertension, and history of GDM.
Missing data: education, n=2 (0.1%); T2D risk, n=28 (1.7%).
Asian, other included women who identified as East Asian (eg, Japanese, Korean) or Southeast Asian (eg, Vietnamese). Multiracial/other included women who identified with more than one racial/ethnic group, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or backgrounds not otherwise indicated.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; T2D, type 2 diabetes.