Clinical characteristics of study participants
| All n=174 | |
| Age, years | 66.9 (10.1) |
| Men, % (n) | 56.3% (98) |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 17.7 (11.6) |
| Family history of diabetes, % (n) | 46.0% (80) |
| Height, cm | 161.5 (9.5) |
| Body weight, kg | 61.7 (12.3) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.5 (3.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 128.3 (15.4) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.3 (10.3) |
| Medication for hypertension, % (n) | 46.6% (81) |
| Insulin, % (n) | 25.4% (41) |
| Sulfonylurea, % (n) | 31.0% (54) |
| Glinide, % (n) | 16.7% (29) |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, % (n) | 62.6% (109) |
| Biguanide, % (n) | 47.7% (83) |
| Thiazolidine, % (n) | 2.3% (4) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, % (n) | 16.7% (29) |
| Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, % (n) | 21.3% (37) |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, % (n) | 10.9% (19) |
| Statin, % (n) | 42.0% (73) |
| Current smoker, % (n) | 14.4% (25) |
| Exerciser, % (n) | 57.5% (100) |
| Habitual alcohol consumption, % (n) | 32.7% (56) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 56.5 (10.0) |
| HbA1c, % | 7.3 (0.9) |
| Plasma glucose, mmol/L | 8.1 (2.2) |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.76 (0.23) |
| Cystatin C, mg/dL | 0.99 (0.26) |
| Sarcopenia index | 77.6 (15.8) |
| Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, cm/s | 1802 (372) |
| Subclinical atherosclerosis, % (n) | 43.7% (76) |
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.