Selected descriptive demographic and comorbidity statistics at baseline (n=397 634)
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | |
| Demographics | |
| Age (years) at start of the follow-up period | 76.93 (5.69) |
| 68–72 | 81 816 (20.6%) |
| 73–76 | 97 149 (24.4%) |
| 77–81 | 108 398 (27.3%) |
| 82–105 | 110 271 (27.7%) |
| Sex: male | 392 643 (98.7%) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |
| White | 342 201 (86.3%) |
| Black | 42 476 (10.7%) |
| Hispanic | 6119 (1.5%) |
| Asian | 1422 (0.4%) |
| Other | 4416 (1.1%) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 271 364 (68.4%) |
| Divorced/Separated | 53 210 (13.4%) |
| Widowed | 54 007 (13.6%) |
| Other | 19 053 (4.8%) |
| HbA1c time in range | |
| 80% to 100% | 36 138 (9.1%) |
| 60% to <80% | 40 622 (10.2%) |
| 40% to <60% | 51 179 (12.9%) |
| 20% to <40% | 76 081 (19.1%) |
| 0% to <20% | 193 614 (48.7%) |
| HbA1c (%) average of all tests during baseline | 7.00 (0.98) |
| HbA1c SD of all tests during baseline | 0.56 (0.44) |
| Diabetes Complications Severity Index mean (highest score during baseline) | 3.92 (2.50) |
| Albumin/Creatinine ratio (urine) | |
| <30 | 105 213 (26.5%) |
| 30–300 | 53 022 (13.3%) |
| >300 | 8828 (2.2%) |
| Missing | 230 571 (58.0%) |
| Creatinine | |
| <0.6 | 167 (0.1%) |
| 0.6–1.2 | 231 647 (58.3%) |
| >1.2 | 154 933 (39%) |
| Missing | 10 887 (2.7%) |
| Albumin | |
| <3.5 | 25 375 (6.4%) |
| >3.5 | 331 233 (83.3%) |
| Missing | 41 026 (10.3%) |
| HDL | |
| <40 | 213 737 (53.8%) |
| 40–60 | 153 134 (41.0%) |
| ≥60 | 19 028 (4.8%) |
| Missing | 1735 (0.4%) |
| LDL | |
| <100 | 295 312 (74.3%) |
| 100–160 | 95 932 (24.1%) |
| ≥160 | 2742 (0.7%) |
| Missing | 3648 (0.9%) |
| Triglycerides | |
| <200 | 313 318 (78.8%) |
| ≥200 | 83 300 (20.9%) |
| Missing | 1016 (0.3%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) during baseline | 30.2 (5.2) |
| <18.5 | 635 (0.2%) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 50 899 (12.8%) |
| 25–29.9 | 151 038 (38.0%) |
| 30–39.9 | 160 211 (40.3%) |
| ≥40 | 17 730 (4.5%) |
| Missing | 17 121 (4.3%) |
| Medications* | |
| Sulfonylurea | 213 116 (53.6%) |
| Biguanide | 196 329 (49.4%) |
| Insulin | 97 183 (24.4%) |
| Thiazolidinedione | 63 084 (15.9%) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 7672 (1.9%) |
| Other† | 6370 (1.6%) |
| Medication adherence—proportion of days covered ≥80% | 226 599 (57.0%) |
| Select comorbidities observed during baseline period | |
| Diabetes: type 1 | 4439 (1.12%) |
| Tobacco use | 85 943 (21.6%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 274 554 (69.1%) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 120 400 (30.3%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 119 723 (30.1%) |
| Hypertension | 381 357 (95.9%) |
*Medications report all medications taken by a patient, hence the percentage represents prevalence within each medication category.
†Other medications: amylin analog, bile acid sequestrants, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor, dopamine receptor agonist, glucagon-like peptide, meglitinides, sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.