N (%) or mean (SD) | Serum 25(OH)D concentration (ng⁄mL) | |||
All (n=5611) | Less than 20 (n=1777) | 20–29.9 (n=1907) | 30+ (n=1927) | |
Age | 61.8 (10.3) | 60.3 (10.1) | 61.8 (10.4) | 63.1 (10.2) |
Sex | ||||
Female | 3034 (54.1) | 1005 (56.6) | 960 (50.3) | 1069 (55.5) |
Male | 2577 (45.9) | 772 (43.4) | 947 (49.7) | 858 (44.5) |
Study site | ||||
North Carolina (WFU) | 845 (15.1) | 281 (15.8) | 258 (13.5) | 306 (15.9) |
New York (COL) | 875 (15.6) | 359 (20.2) | 276 (14.5) | 240 (12.5) |
Maryland (JHU) | 882 (15.7) | 343 (19.3) | 275 (14.4) | 264 (13.7) |
Minnesota (UMN) | 908 (16.2) | 260 (14.6) | 292 (15.3) | 356 (18.5) |
Illinois (NWU) | 1038 (18.5) | 340 (19.1) | 349 (18.3) | 349 (18.1) |
California (UCLA) | 1063 (18.9) | 194 (10.9) | 457 (24.0) | 412 (21.4) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
White, Caucasian | 2340 (41.7) | 388 (21.8) | 801 (42.0) | 1151 (59.7) |
Chinese American | 678 (12.1) | 139 (7.8) | 302 (15.8) | 237 (12.3) |
Black, African-American | 1432 (25.5) | 875 (49.2) | 363 (19.0) | 194 (10.1) |
Hispanic | 1161 (20.7) | 375 (21.1) | 441 (23.1) | 345 (17.9) |
Education | ||||
≥ Bachelor’s degree | 2094 (37.3) | 589 (33.2) | 729 (38.2) | 776 (40.3) |
Other | 3517 (62.7) | 1188 (66.8) | 1178 (61.7) | 1151 (59.7) |
Employment status | ||||
Employed | 2820 (50.3) | 1004 (56.5) | 968 (50.8) | 848 (44.0) |
Unemployed/retired | 2791 (49.7) | 773 (43.5) | 939 (49.2) | 1079 (56.0) |
Smoking status | ||||
Poor | 732 (13.1) | 333 (18.7) | 208 (10.9) | 191 (9.9) |
Intermediate | 103 (1.8) | 31 (1.7) | 38 (2.0) | 34 (1.8) |
Ideal | 4776 (85.1) | 1413 (79.5) | 1661 (87.1) | 1702 (88.3) |
Physical activity | ||||
Poor | 1241 (22.1) | 507 (28.5) | 420 (22.0) | 314 (16.3) |
Intermediate | 976 (17.4) | 329 (18.5) | 338 (17.7) | 309 (16.0) |
Ideal | 3394 (60.5) | 941 (53.0) | 1149 (60.3) | 1304 (67.7) |
Alcohol use | ||||
Current | 3243 (57.8) | 965 (54.3) | 1092 (57.3) | 1186 (61.6) |
Never/former | 2368 (42.2) | 812 (45.7) | 815 (42.7) | 741 (38.4) |
Hypertension medication | ||||
No | 3965 (70.7) | 1219 (68.6) | 1353 (71.0) | 1393 (72.3) |
Yes | 1646 (29.3) | 558 (31.4) | 554 (29.0) | 534 (27.7) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.0 (5.3) | 29.7 (5.9) | 27.8 (4.9) | 26.5 (4.6) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 97.0 (14.1) | 100.5 (14.8) | 97.2 (13.8) | 93.7 (12.9) |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125.5 (21.3) | 127.4 (21.7) | 125.0 (21.3) | 124.1 (20.7) |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 80.5 (17.4) | 84.9 (17.0) | 80.6 (15.8) | 76.5 (18.2) |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89.6 (10.5) | 91.0 (11.0) | 90.1 (10.5) | 87.7 (9.9) |
Serum insulin (mU/L) | 9.5 (5.5) | 10.4 (6.0) | 9.7 (5.5) | 8.4 (4.6) |
ln HOMA-IR | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.5) |
ln HOMA-β | 4.8 (0.5) | 4.83 (0.5) | 4.80 (0.5) | 4.76 (0.5) |
Annualized 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 26.1 (11.2) | |||
25(OH)D3 (ng/mL) | 23.1 (11.0) | |||
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 44.4 (20.2) |
Categorical variables were tested with χ2 test, and continuous variables were tested with analysis of variance.
COL, Columbia University, New York, New York; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; JHU, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; NWU, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California; UMN, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota; WFU, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina.