Demographic data of patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes (L-T1D)
| Variables | NP (n=30) | 1T (n=17) | 3T (n=17) | 2PP (n=17) |
| Age (years) | 25.9 (23.9 to 27.9) | 29.1 (27.4 to 30.7)* | ||
| Age at diagnosis (years)¶** | 14.5 (13 to 17) | 16 (13 to 18) | ||
| Insulin administration (pen/pump) | 15/15 | 13/4 | ||
| Gravidity (null/multi) | n/a | 5/12 | 5/12 | 0/17 |
| Anti-GAD (−/+)†† | 7/23 | 4/13 | 4/13 | 4/13 |
| Anti-IA2 (−/+)†† | 21/9 | 8/9 | 7/10 | 6/11 |
| Weight (kg) | 67.5 (63.5 to 71.4) | 72.9 (66.8 to 79.0)####, ¤ | 85.0 (78.9 to 91.0)****, ££££ | 75.4 (69.3 to 81.6) |
| BMI (18.5–25 kg/m2)¶ | 22.8 (21.8 to 25.8) | 25.6 (23.5 to 26.3)#### | 29.7 (28.2 to 32.7)****, ££ | 25.7 (24.3 to 28.1) |
| Total cholesterol (2.9–6.1 mmol/L)‡‡ | 4.7 (4.4 to 5.1) | 4.4 (4.2 to 4.7)####, ¤¤¤ | 6.8 (6.4 to 7.2)****, ££££ | 5.3 (4.9 to 5.8) |
| LDL (1.2–4.3 mmol/L)§§ | 2.7 (2.3 to 3.0) | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.7)####, ¤¤¤ | 4.3 (3.8 to 4.7)****, £££ | 3.3 (2.8 to 3.8) |
| HDL (1.0–2.7 mmol/L)¶§§ | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.7) | 1.7 (1.4 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | 1.4 (1.3 to 2.0) |
| TG (0.45–2.6 mmol/L)¶¶ | 1.17 (0.95 to1.40) | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.89)**, #### | 2.31 (1.92 to 2.69)****, ££££ | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.13) |
| Insulin resistance (TG/HDL)¶¶ | 0.82 (0.66 to 0.98) | 0.50 (0.41 to 0.59)***, #### | 1.46 (1.11 to 1.80)**, ££££ | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.86) |
| Insulin resistant (n, %)††¶¶ | 1, 3.7 | 0, 0 | 4, 36.4** | 0, 0 |
| Daily insulin dose (IU/24 hours)¶ | 44.7 (37.3 to 48.0) | 38.0 (34.0 to 52.0)## | 60.0 (48.0 to 120.0)**, ££££ | 31.0 (24.0 to 47.0) |
| Adjusted insulin dose (IU/24 hours/kg) | 0.69 (0.57 to 0.81) | 0.61 (0.49 to 0.72)### | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.14)££££ | 0.47 (0.38 to 0.56)** |
| HbA1c (27–42 mmol/mol IFCC) (% NGSP) | 63.2 (7.9%) (57.3 to 69.1) | 48.0 (6.5%) (44.8 to 51.2)****, ## | 43.3 (6.1%) (40.2 to 46.5)****, £££ | 49.9 (6.7%) (46.5 to 53.4) *** |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/L) | 2.4 (1.17 to 14.2) | 10.1 (1.17 to 61.6) | 10.1 (1.17 to 83.9)** | 10.9 (1.17 to 101.2) |
| PRL (4.8–23.4 µg/L) | ND | 28.9 (20.8 to 37.2)###, ¤ | 216.4 (158.8 to 274.0) | 116.6 (18.9 to 214.2) |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 and ****p<0.0001 vs NP.
#P<0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 and ####p<0.0001 vs 3T.
¤P<0.05, ¤¤p<0.01, ¤¤¤p<0.001 and ¤¤¤¤p<0.0001 vs 2PP.
£P<0.05, ££p<0.01, £££p<0.001 and ££££p<0.0001 vs 2PP.
¶Median value (95% CI), non-parametric.
**Pregnant group: n = 16.
††χ2-test.
‡‡NP: n = 29 and 1T: n = 16.
§§NP: n = 27 and 1T: n = 16.
¶¶NP: n = 27 and 1T, 3T, and 2PP: n = 11.
BMI, body mass index; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IA2, tyrosine phosphatase-like protein islet antigen-2; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; n/a, not available; ND, not defined; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; NP, non-pregnant women; 2PP, 2 months post partum; PRL, prolactin; 1T, first trimester; 3T, third trimester; TG, triglycerides.