Table 1

Baseline characteristic of blood glucose-lowering drugs

	Baseline cohort (all)		Cohort entry		Cohort entry		Cohort entry		Cohort entry
	Baseline cohort (all)		(2001–2005)		(2006–2010)		(2011–2015)		(2016–2020)
	N=362 391		N=75 002		N=88 435		N=88 394		N=110 560
	N or mean	% or SD	N or mean	% or SD	N or mean	% or SD	N or mean	% or SD	N or mean	% or SD
Age (years), mean (SD)	57.73	14.32	58.08	14.74	58.15	14.36	57.78	14.08	57.1	14.18
18–34, n (%)	24 085	6.60	4994	6.70	5527	6.20	5724	6.50	7840	7.10
35–54, n (%)	118 743	32.80	24 927	33.20	28 530	32.30	28 662	32.40	36 624	33.10
55–74, n (%)	175 408	48.40	34 450	45.90	42 582	48.20	43 749	49.50	54 627	49.40
75+, n (%)	44 155	12.20	10 631	14.20	11 796	13.30	10 259	11.60	11 469	10.40
Sex*
Male, n (%)	193 731	53.5	38 706	51.6	48 033	54.3	48 092	54.4	58 900	53.3
Diagnosis
T2DM diagnosis prior to cohort entry, n (%)	215 554	59.5	44 156	58.9	55 388	62.6	53 730	60.8	62 280	56.3
T2DM diagnosis 30 days prior to cohort entry, n (%)	241 192	66.6	49 194	65.6	61 373	69.4	60 173	68.1	70 452	63.7
Gestational diabetes diagnosis in 1-year period prior to cohort entry, n (%)	604	0.2	123	0.2	151	0.2	135	0.2	195	0.2
Hemoglobin A1C laboratory test results
Is A1C available in 6 months prior to cohort entry? (n, %)	116 246	32.1	0	0	357	0.4	35 158	39.8	80 731	73
A1C value immediately preceding cohort entry, mean (SD)	7.9	2.04			8.01	2.1	7.96	2	7.87	2.06
Is A1C available 6–12 months post-cohort entry?† (n, %)	114 174	31.5	0	0	1031	1.2	42 149	47.7	70 994	64.2
A1C value 6–12 months post cohort,† mean (SD)	6.76	1.18			6.81	1.03	6.79	1.16	6.74	1.19
Comorbidity
Hypertension	181 640	50.1	33 489	44.7	46 205	52.2	46 017	52.1	55 929	50.6
Dyslipidemia	10 820	3	1199	1.6	2025	2.3	2782	3.1	4814	4.4
Hypothyroidism	26 758	7.4	3665	4.9	5639	6.4	7090	8	10 364	9.4
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	12 327	3.4	1635	2.2	2353	2.7	3531	4	4808	4.3
Chronic kidney disease	8247	2.3	606	0.8	1330	1.5	2281	2.6	4030	3.6
Acute kidney injury	5816	1.6	567	0.8	1027	1.2	1527	1.7	2695	2.4
Liver disease	8398	2.3	1011	1.3	1607	1.8	2074	2.3	3706	3.4
Cancer	49 892	13.8	7525	10	10 941	12.4	12 887	14.6	18 539	16.8
Peripheral vascular disease	6011	1.7	1297	1.7	1637	1.9	1480	1.7	1597	1.4
Ischemic heart disease	71 815	19.8	13 854	18.5	18 118	20.5	17 596	19.9	22 247	20.1
Congestive heart failure	18 674	5.2	4125	5.5	4568	5.2	4445	5	5536	5
Dementia	7133	2	1039	1.4	1644	1.9	1925	2.2	2525	2.3
Medical procedures (prior 2 years)
Pacemaker	3459	1	405	0.5	731	0.8	1011	1.1	1312	1.2
Coronary bypass surgery	2489	0.7	609	0.8	715	0.8	547	0.6	618	0.6
Coronary PCI	4506	1.2	944	1.3	1161	1.3	970	1.1	1431	1.3
Dialysis	5146	1.4	883	1.2	1288	1.5	1275	1.4	1700	1.5
Medication use at cohort entry date
Antihypertensive drugs	177 874	49.1	36 037	48	46 188	52.2	43 582	49.3	52 067	47.1
Statins	118 046	32.6	18 298	24.4	30 813	34.8	30 644	34.7	38 291	34.6
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	19 005	5.2	5044	6.7	4966	5.6	4380	5	4615	4.2
Gastroprotective drugs (H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors)	51 266	14.1	8735	11.6	12 352	14	13 297	15	16 882	15.3
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	26 649	7.4	4648	6.2	6118	6.9	6710	7.6	9173	8.3
Benzodiazepines	19 013	5.2	5175	6.9	5398	6.1	4670	5.3	3770	3.4
Antipsychotics (typical and atypical)	14 970	4.1	2421	3.2	3624	4.1	3818	4.3	5107	4.6
Cholinesterase inhibitors	1270	0.4	225	0.3	367	0.4	372	0.4	306	0.3
Opioids	24 160	6.7	4982	6.6	6238	7.1	6522	7.4	6418	5.8
Systemic corticosteroids	20 042	5.5	4696	6.3	4877	5.5	4844	5.5	5625	5.1

*Unknown for 19 patients.
†When multiple tests are available for a patient during the 6-month period, the first laboratory test is used.
A1C, glycated hemoglobin; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.