Table 1

Prevalence of a self-reported history of GDM prior to baseline visit by women’s characteristics, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos 2008–2011

N (denominator)GDM prevalence (SE)P value
Overall63898.7 (0.54)
Center
 Bronx155910.1 (1.22)Ref
 Chicago165211.2 (1.12)0.48
 Miami16284.7 (0.57)<0.001
 San Diego182910.1 (1.13)0.98
Age at baseline visit, years
 18–44213010.9 (0.89)Ref
 45–6439527.3 (0.56)<0.001
 65–745864.2 (1.22)<0.001
Hispanic/Latino heritage group
 Central American7264.9 (0.96)<0.001
 Cuban8745.0 (0.81)<0.001
 Dominican6509.4 (1.54)0.32
 Mexican282811.3 (1.02)Ref
 Puerto Rican101810.1 (1.30)0.47
 South American4223.8 (1.13)<0.001
Language preference
 Spanish56908.3 (0.58)Ref
 English97810.7 (1.47)0.14
Years living in the USA
 Born in the USA80511.0 (1.57)Ref
 1–59184.3 (0.77)<0.001
 6–1517238.3 (0.97)0.16
 >15317410.2 (0.87)0.67
Age of immigration, years
 ≤1811499.9 (1.43)Ref
 19–29194912.0 (1.04)0.24
 30–4921845.1 (0.60)0.002
 >505582.4 (0.79)<0.001
Highest education
 <High school26619.1 (0.95)Ref
 High school graduate15879.0 (0.98)0.94
 >High school24048.2 (0.82)0.49
Household income, US$
 <20 00032059.1 (0.80)Ref
 20 000–74 99926698.7 (0.77)0.72
 ≥75 0001728.3 (2.87)0.79
 Not reported6227.3 (1.38)0.25
Current employment
 Retired, not currently employed6664.9 (1.06)Ref
 Not retired and not currently employed28959.7 (0.87)<0.001
 Employed part time, ≤35 hours/week12249.5 (1.22)0.005
 Employed full time, >35 hours/week18157.6 (0.86)0.04
Type of occupation, longest held
 Non-skilled worker19369.3 (1.07)Ref
 Service worker11538.5 (1.04)0.59
 Skilled worker12328.3 (0.95)0.46
 Professional/Technical/Other office worker10987.9 (1.22)0.37
 Other11879.0 (1.44)0.85
Health insurance
 No31347.7 (0.70)Ref
 Yes34569.6 (0.78)0.06
Number of physician visits, past 12 months
 013936.6 (0.92)Ref
 19729.1 (1.34)0.10
 2–3 times17359.3 (1.27)0.09
 >3 times24639.4 (0.80)0.02
Number of pregnancies
 1–220456.1 (0.63)Ref
 3–4286010.4 (0.92)<0.001
 ≥517569.9 (1.08)0.002
Smoking status
 Never9699.4 (1.42)Ref
 Former10946.5 (1.02)0.12
 Current45999.1 (0.66)0.82
Family history of diabetes
 No33456.4 (0.72)Ref
 Yes328411.5 (0.76)<0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2
 <25.011485.6 (0.91)Ref
 25.0–29.923866.7 (0.72)0.34
 ≥30.0311611.7 (0.95)<0.001
Waist circumference
 Low risk (<88 cm)15894.8 (0.66)Ref
 High risk (≥88 cm)506310.2 (0.66)<0.001
Hypertension
 No44519.2 (0.68)Ref
 Yes22167.6 (0.71)0.11
Elevated LDL
 No15388.1 (0.99)Ref
 Yes51278.9 (0.64)0.50
Low HDL
 No34287.0 (0.66)Ref
 Yes293510.6 (0.87)<0.001
Elevated triglycerides
 No45108.0 (0.61)Ref
 Yes185311.0 (1.12)0.01
Statin use, %
 No57058.5 (0.58)Ref
 Yes83810.2 (1.48)0.31
Albuminuria
 No55818.2 (0.57)Ref
 Yes70312.4 (1.75)0.02
  • GDM based on self-report at baseline or self-report at follow-up for pregnancies before baseline visit.

  • Bold text indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).

  • GDM, gestational diabetes; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Ref, reference.