Prevalence of a self-reported history of GDM prior to baseline visit by women’s characteristics, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos 2008–2011
| N (denominator) | GDM prevalence (SE) | P value | |
| Overall | 6389 | 8.7 (0.54) | |
| Center | |||
| Bronx | 1559 | 10.1 (1.22) | Ref |
| Chicago | 1652 | 11.2 (1.12) | 0.48 |
| Miami | 1628 | 4.7 (0.57) | <0.001 |
| San Diego | 1829 | 10.1 (1.13) | 0.98 |
| Age at baseline visit, years | |||
| 18–44 | 2130 | 10.9 (0.89) | Ref |
| 45–64 | 3952 | 7.3 (0.56) | <0.001 |
| 65–74 | 586 | 4.2 (1.22) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic/Latino heritage group | |||
| Central American | 726 | 4.9 (0.96) | <0.001 |
| Cuban | 874 | 5.0 (0.81) | <0.001 |
| Dominican | 650 | 9.4 (1.54) | 0.32 |
| Mexican | 2828 | 11.3 (1.02) | Ref |
| Puerto Rican | 1018 | 10.1 (1.30) | 0.47 |
| South American | 422 | 3.8 (1.13) | <0.001 |
| Language preference | |||
| Spanish | 5690 | 8.3 (0.58) | Ref |
| English | 978 | 10.7 (1.47) | 0.14 |
| Years living in the USA | |||
| Born in the USA | 805 | 11.0 (1.57) | Ref |
| 1–5 | 918 | 4.3 (0.77) | <0.001 |
| 6–15 | 1723 | 8.3 (0.97) | 0.16 |
| >15 | 3174 | 10.2 (0.87) | 0.67 |
| Age of immigration, years | |||
| ≤18 | 1149 | 9.9 (1.43) | Ref |
| 19–29 | 1949 | 12.0 (1.04) | 0.24 |
| 30–49 | 2184 | 5.1 (0.60) | 0.002 |
| >50 | 558 | 2.4 (0.79) | <0.001 |
| Highest education | |||
| <High school | 2661 | 9.1 (0.95) | Ref |
| High school graduate | 1587 | 9.0 (0.98) | 0.94 |
| >High school | 2404 | 8.2 (0.82) | 0.49 |
| Household income, US$ | |||
| <20 000 | 3205 | 9.1 (0.80) | Ref |
| 20 000–74 999 | 2669 | 8.7 (0.77) | 0.72 |
| ≥75 000 | 172 | 8.3 (2.87) | 0.79 |
| Not reported | 622 | 7.3 (1.38) | 0.25 |
| Current employment | |||
| Retired, not currently employed | 666 | 4.9 (1.06) | Ref |
| Not retired and not currently employed | 2895 | 9.7 (0.87) | <0.001 |
| Employed part time, ≤35 hours/week | 1224 | 9.5 (1.22) | 0.005 |
| Employed full time, >35 hours/week | 1815 | 7.6 (0.86) | 0.04 |
| Type of occupation, longest held | |||
| Non-skilled worker | 1936 | 9.3 (1.07) | Ref |
| Service worker | 1153 | 8.5 (1.04) | 0.59 |
| Skilled worker | 1232 | 8.3 (0.95) | 0.46 |
| Professional/Technical/Other office worker | 1098 | 7.9 (1.22) | 0.37 |
| Other | 1187 | 9.0 (1.44) | 0.85 |
| Health insurance | |||
| No | 3134 | 7.7 (0.70) | Ref |
| Yes | 3456 | 9.6 (0.78) | 0.06 |
| Number of physician visits, past 12 months | |||
| 0 | 1393 | 6.6 (0.92) | Ref |
| 1 | 972 | 9.1 (1.34) | 0.10 |
| 2–3 times | 1735 | 9.3 (1.27) | 0.09 |
| >3 times | 2463 | 9.4 (0.80) | 0.02 |
| Number of pregnancies | |||
| 1–2 | 2045 | 6.1 (0.63) | Ref |
| 3–4 | 2860 | 10.4 (0.92) | <0.001 |
| ≥5 | 1756 | 9.9 (1.08) | 0.002 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 969 | 9.4 (1.42) | Ref |
| Former | 1094 | 6.5 (1.02) | 0.12 |
| Current | 4599 | 9.1 (0.66) | 0.82 |
| Family history of diabetes | |||
| No | 3345 | 6.4 (0.72) | Ref |
| Yes | 3284 | 11.5 (0.76) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||
| <25.0 | 1148 | 5.6 (0.91) | Ref |
| 25.0–29.9 | 2386 | 6.7 (0.72) | 0.34 |
| ≥30.0 | 3116 | 11.7 (0.95) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference | |||
| Low risk (<88 cm) | 1589 | 4.8 (0.66) | Ref |
| High risk (≥88 cm) | 5063 | 10.2 (0.66) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 4451 | 9.2 (0.68) | Ref |
| Yes | 2216 | 7.6 (0.71) | 0.11 |
| Elevated LDL | |||
| No | 1538 | 8.1 (0.99) | Ref |
| Yes | 5127 | 8.9 (0.64) | 0.50 |
| Low HDL | |||
| No | 3428 | 7.0 (0.66) | Ref |
| Yes | 2935 | 10.6 (0.87) | <0.001 |
| Elevated triglycerides | |||
| No | 4510 | 8.0 (0.61) | Ref |
| Yes | 1853 | 11.0 (1.12) | 0.01 |
| Statin use, % | |||
| No | 5705 | 8.5 (0.58) | Ref |
| Yes | 838 | 10.2 (1.48) | 0.31 |
| Albuminuria | |||
| No | 5581 | 8.2 (0.57) | Ref |
| Yes | 703 | 12.4 (1.75) | 0.02 |
GDM based on self-report at baseline or self-report at follow-up for pregnancies before baseline visit.
Bold text indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
GDM, gestational diabetes; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Ref, reference.