Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with T2D with no or mild diabetic retinopathy versus controls and patients with no diabetic kidney disease (nDKD) versus patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD)
| Variable | T2D group (n=93 eyes) | Control group (n=34 eyes) | P value | nDKD (n=37 eyes) | DKD (n=56 eyes) | P value |
| Gender, n (%)* | ||||||
| Male | 35 (37.6%) | 14 (41.2%) | 0.717 | 12 (32.4%) | 23 (41.1%) | 0.659 |
| Female | 58 (62.4%) | 20 (58.8%) | 25 (67.6%) | 33 (58.9%) | ||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 61.0 (±8.2) | 56.1 (±7.5) | <0.001 | 62 (±7.9) | 60.4 (±8.4) | 0.215 |
| Ethnicity, n (%)* | ||||||
| Caucasian | 79 (85.9%) | 11 (78.6%) | 0.547 | 33 (89.2%) | 46 (83.6%) | 0.151 |
| African descent/mixed | 13 (14.1%) | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (10.8%) | 10 (16.4%) | ||
| Diabetic retinopathy stage, n (%) | ||||||
| No DR | n/a | n/a | n/a | 97 (83.8%) | 58 (75.0%) | 0.007 |
| Mild NPDR | n/a | n/a | n/a | 17 (16.2%) | 18 (25.0%) | |
| DM duration in years, mean (SD) | 14.3 (±6.9) | n/a | n/a | 14 (±6.3) | 14.5 (±7.3) | 0.693 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD) | 8.3 (±1.7) | 5.5 (±0.3) | <0.001 | 8.1 (±1.6) | 8.5 (±1.7) | 0.155 |
| BCVA, mean (SD) | 44.8 (±10.8) | 50.9 (±10.7) | 0.051 | 47.5 (±8.2) | 43.4 (±11.8) | 0.144 |
| Hypertension, n (%)* | 82 (92.1%) | 5 (33.3%) | <0.001 | 31 (91.2%) | 51 (92.7%) | 0.725 |
| UAE (SD) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 6.6 (±3.4) | 190.4 (± 418.1) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (SD) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 88.3 (±14.6) | 78.5 (± 26.8) | 0.004 |
Significant values in bold.
*Subjects.
BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; n/a, not available; NPDR, Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy; T2D, type 2 diabetes; UAE, urinary albumin concentration.