Mean scores and percentage agreement with belief statements representing barriers and enablers to diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS)
| Belief statement (corresponding TDF domain) | Mean scores | % agreements | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | N | ALL | T1D | T2D | P value | RA% | ONA% | P value | |
| Knowledge | |||||||||
| ‘I do not understand why diabetic eye screening is conducted’ | 4.36 (1.19) | 101 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 12.1 | 0.166 | 5.1 | 13.6 | 0.168 |
| ‘I do not know what treatments are available if diabetic retinopathy is detected’ | 1.81 (1.03) | 100 | 84.0 | 87.9 | 78.1 | 0.209 | 85.9 | 77.3 | 0.334 |
| Skills | |||||||||
| ‘Diabetes education and training covers eye screening in detail’ | 2.42 (1.46) | 102 | 52.0 | 50.7 | 54.5 | 0.722 | 51.3 | 59.1 | 0.518 |
| Social/professional role/identity | |||||||||
| ‘I feel comfortable disclosing to others that I have diabetes’ | 2.55 (1.48) | 102 | 71.6 | 77.6 | 57.6 | 0.039* | 68.8 | 81.8 | 0.233 |
| ‘I would like to meet more young people with diabetes’ | 2.87 (1.04) | 97 | 47.4 | 53.8 | 33.3 | 0.064 | 48.0 | 45.5 | 0.837 |
| Beliefs about capabilities | |||||||||
| ‘I think that I manage my diabetes well’ | 2.63 (1.03) | 97 | 64.9 | 69.2 | 53.3 | 0.135 | 64.0 | 68.2 | 0.718 |
| Beliefs about consequences | |||||||||
| ‘Attending diabetic eye screening can help detect problems with my eyes early’ | 1.19 (0.75) | 99 | 98.0 | 98.5 | 96.8 | 0.583 | 97.4 | 100.0 | 0.458 |
| ‘The eye drops which dilate your pupils before screening are unpleasant’ | 2.47 (1.16) | 100 | 64.0 | 65.2 | 59.4 | 0.578 | 64.1 | 63.6 | 0.966 |
| Reinforcement | |||||||||
| ‘I feel pressured to attend my diabetic eye screening appointments’ | 3.80 (1.22) | 97 | 19.6 | 21.5 | 16.7 | 0.561 | 18.7 | 22.7 | 0.679 |
| Intention | |||||||||
| ‘I will attend all my future diabetic eye screening appointments’ | 1.24 (0.79) | 101 | 97.0 | 98.5 | 93.9 | 0.211 | 97.5 | 95.5 | 0.625 |
| Goals | |||||||||
| ‘Attending diabetic eye screening appointments would be a higher priority for me if I experienced problems with my eyes’ | 1.90 (1.05) | 96 | 60.4 | 53.8 | 72.4 | 0.091 | 56.8 | 72.7 | 0.183 |
| ‘Attending diabetic eye screening appointments is a high priority in terms of diabetes management’ | 1.46 (0.83) | 101 | 93.1 | 92.4 | 93.9 | 0.785 | 92.4 | 95.5 | 0.614 |
| Memory, Intention, Decision-making | |||||||||
| ‘It is easy to forget to attend diabetic eye screening appointments’ | 3.16 (1.34) | 99 | 32.3 | 28.8 | 38.7 | 0.3320 | 28.2 | 47.6 | 0.093 |
| ‘Reminders (eg, text messages, phone calls) about my diabetic eye screening appointments are helpful’ | 1.06 (0.25) | 99 | 99 | 98.5 | 100.0 | 0.489 | 98.7 | 100.0 | 0.593 |
| ‘I am not notified of my appointment (eg, by letter/text message)’ | 3.72 (1.59) | 100 | 25.0 | 22.7 | 31.3 | 0.362 | 23.1 | 31.8 | 0.408 |
| ‘Diabetic eye screening appointment letters are sent too far in advance’ | 3.38 (1.13) | 100 | 25.0 | 27.3 | 21.9 | 0.567 | 25.6 | 22.7 | 0.782 |
| Environmental Context and Resources | |||||||||
| ‘My diabetic eye screening appointments are at a different time and place to my other diabetes appointments’ | 1.97 (1.33) | 101 | 75.2 | 58.5 | 54.8 | 0.733 | 74.7 | 77.3 | 0.804 |
| ‘I am unable to get time off work/study to attend diabetic eye screening appointments’ | 3.44 (1.50) | 99 | 31.3 | 30.8 | 31.3 | 0.960 | 23.4 | 59.1 | 0.002* |
| ‘I would like to be offered more options for appointment days/times when booking diabetic eye screening appointments’ | 2.00 (1.23) | 95 | 67.4 | 65.6 | 69.0 | 0.749 | 66.2 | 71.4 | 0.656 |
| ‘Diabetic eye screening appointments take up too much time in my day’ | 3.72 (1.30) | 100 | 29.0 | 33.3 | 21.9 | 0.249 | 23.1 | 50.0 | 0.015* |
| ‘My doctors and nurses check whether I have attended my diabetic eye screening appointments and encourage me to attend' | 2.61 (1.50) | 98 | 58.2 | 58.5 | 54.8 | 0.733 | 55.3 | 68.2 | 0.283 |
| Social influences | |||||||||
| ‘I find seeing older people with worse complications in the eye screening waiting room upsetting’ | 3.09 (1.28) | 100 | 40.0 | 41.5 | 33.3 | 0.433 | 38.5 | 45.5 | 0.558 |
| ‘I would like more support and information following my diabetic eye screening results’ | 2.38 (1.16) | 100 | 66.0 | 69.7 | 59.4 | 0.314 | 67.9 | 59.1 | 0.444 |
| ‘There is a lack of awareness among the general public that younger people can have diabetes’ | 1.67 (0.88) | 97 | 82.5 | 81.5 | 86.7 | 0.589 | 88.0 | 63.6 | 0.009* |
| ‘I have had bad experiences when discussing diabetic eye screening with healthcare professionals’ | 4.22 (1.13) | 100 | 16.0 | 19.7 | 9.4 | 0.198 | 12.8 | 27.3 | 0.083 |
| Behavioural regulation | |||||||||
| ‘I have developed strategies to help me remember to attend my diabetic eye screening appointments’ | 2.00 (1.17) | 101 | 46.5 | 37.9 | 63.6 | 0.019* | 50.6 | 31.8 | 0.120 |
| Emotions | |||||||||
| ‘I worry about diabetic retinopathy’ | 2.06 (1.12) | 101 | 74.3 | 78.8 | 66.7 | 0.194 | 73.4 | 77.3 | 0.713 |
| ‘I sometimes feel overwhelmed due to my diabetes’ | 2.70 (1.24) | 97 | 97 | 76.9 | 56.7 | 0.046* | 68.0 | 72.7 | 0.677 |
| ‘I feel reassured by attending diabetic eye screening’ | 1.91 (1.09) | 100 | 75.0 | 75.8 | 75.0 | 0.837 | 74.4 | 77.3 | 0.782 |
| ‘I feel anxious about receiving my diabetic eye screening results’ | 2.56 (1.41) | 100 | 63.3 | 63.6 | 62.5 | 0.920 | 62.8 | 63.6 | 0.946 |
The mean scores correspond to the extent to which participants agreed with each statement using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree=1; somewhat agree=2; neither agree nor disagree=3; somewhat disagree=4; strongly disagree=5). The p value represents the results of the χ2 test for differences between T1D and T2D subgroups and between RA and ONA. Highlighted values indicate statistically significant differences.
ONA, occasional non-attender; RA, regular attender; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TDF, Theoretical Domains Framework.