Prevalence of insulin usage and chronic diabetic complications among the four clusters
| Cluster 1 SIDD (n=134) | Cluster 2 MSD (n=85) | Cluster 3 MOD (n=168) | Cluster 4 MARD (n=334) | P value | |
| Insulin use (%) | 25.6 | 11.8 | 8.3 | 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 20.0 | 20.7 | 9.2 | 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 8.8 | 15.6 | 9.9 | 5.6 | 0.03 |
| CKD stage 3B or macroalbuminuria | 10.4 | 15.3 | 9.6 | 7.5 | 0.171 |
| Coronary events (%) | 7.5 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 0.58 |
| Stroke (%) | 5.2 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 0.39 |
| Peripheral neuropathy (%) | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 0.94 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; MARD, mild age-related diabetes; MOD, mild obesity-related diabetes; MSD, metabolic syndrome diabetes; SIDD, severe insulin-deficient diabetes.