Risk of chronic diabetic complications and insulin use by cluster
| Events | Cluster | HR | P value |
| Insulin initiation | Cluster 1 SIDD | 12.81 (5.68 to 28.91) | <0.001 |
| Cluster 2 MSD | 5.88 (2.24 to 15.44) | <0.001 | |
| Cluster 3 MOD | 4.04 (1.63 to 10.01) | 0.003 | |
| Cluster 4 MARD | 1.00 (ref) | – | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Cluster 1 SIDD | 4.62 (2.48 to 8.62) | <0.001 |
| Cluster 2 MSD | 4.68 (2.36 to 9.27) | <0.001 | |
| Cluster 3 MOD | 2.07 (1.02 to 4.20) | 0.04 | |
| Cluster 4 MARD | 1.00 (ref) | – | |
| Macroalbuminuria | Cluster 1 SIDD | 1.62 (0.76 to 3.46) | 0.22 |
| Cluster 2 MSD | 2.92 (1.40 to 6.12) | 0.004 | |
| Cluster 3 MOD | 1.91 (0.97 to 3.78) | 0.06 | |
| Cluster 4 MARD | 1.00 (ref) | – | |
| CKD stage 3B or macroalbuminuria | Cluster 1 SIDD | 1.38 (0.72 to 2.66) | 0.332 |
| Cluster 2 MSD | 2.04 (1.05 to 3.99) | 0.037 | |
| Cluster 3 MOD | 1.25 (0.67 to 2.34) | 0.484 | |
| Cluster 4 MARD | 1.00 (ref) | – | |
| Coronary events | Cluster 1 SIDD | 0.99 (0.31 to 3.16) | 0.99 |
| Cluster 2 MSD | 0.39 (0.05 to 3.06) | 0.37 | |
| Cluster 3 MOD | 0.99 (0.34 to 2.90) | 0.99 | |
| Cluster 4 MARD | 1.00 (ref) | – | |
| Stroke | Cluster 1 SIDD | 1.19 (0.49 to 2.93) | 0.70 |
| Cluster 2 MSD | 0.80 (0.23 to 2.75) | 0.72 | |
| Cluster 3 MOD | 0.41 (0.12 to 1.43) | 0.16 | |
| Cluster 4 MARD | 1.00 (ref) | – | |
| Peripheral neuropathy | Cluster 1 SIDD | 1.34 (0.50 to 3.58) | 0.56 |
| Cluster 2 MSD | 1.12 (0.32 to 3.99) | 0.86 | |
| Cluster 3 MOD | 0.96 (0.34 to 2.72) | 0.93 | |
| Cluster 4 MARD | 1.00 (ref) | – |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; MARD, mild age-related diabetes; MOD, mild obesity-related diabetes; MSD, metabolic syndrome diabetes; SIDD, severe insulin-deficient diabetes.