Baseline characteristics of subjects by patient group in the Hong Kong cohort
| Demographics | Total (n=3 839 391) | No DM and CVD (n=3 396 417) | DM with HbA1c <7% (n=59 105) | DM with HbA1c 7%–7.9% (n=55 648) | DM with HbA1c 8%–8.9% (n=33 413) | DM with HbA1c ≥9% (n=40 860) | CVD only (n=179 974) | CVD and DM (n=73 974) |
| Male, n (%) | 1 711 732 (44.6) | 1 474 865 (43.4) | 28 063 (47.5) | 25 007 (44.9) | 15 641 (46.8) | 22 891 (56.0) | 105 820 (58.8) | 39 445 (53.3) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 50.5 (17.7) | 48.3 (16.9) | 65.5 (12.8) | 64.5 (11.9) | 63.2 (12.0) | 59.1 (12.6) | 70.3 (14.1) | 71.8 (11.5) |
| Smoker, n (%) | 97 473 (2.5) | 81 776 (2.4) | 2377 (4.0) | 2573 (4.6) | 1639 (4.9) | 2491 (6.1) | 5122 (2.8) | 1495 (2.0) |
| Charlson index, mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.6) | 3.2 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.9) | 4.5 (1.8) |
| Obesity, n (%) | 39 067 (1.0) | 27 034 (0.8) | 2649 (4.5) | 2618 (4.7) | 1496 (4.5) | 1506 (3.7) | 2145 (1.2) | 1619 (2.2) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 305 073 (7.9) | 137 068 (4.0) | 16 194 (27.4) | 16 520 (29.7) | 9554 (28.6) | 9436 (23.1) | 75 453 (41.9) | 40 848 (55.2) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 957 291 (24.9) | 613 895 (18.1) | 44 790 (75.8) | 41 967 (75.4) | 24 273 (72.6) | 23 314 (57.1) | 141 063 (78.4) | 67 989 (91.9) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 46 933 (1.2) | 17 648 (0.5) | 1085 (1.8) | 802 (1.4) | 429 (1.3) | 429 (1.0) | 19 086 (10.6) | 7454 (10.1) |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 5421 (0.1) | 1176 (0.0) | 513 (0.9) | 523 (0.9) | 330 (1.0) | 605 (1.5) | 483 (0.3) | 1791 (2.4) |
| Amputation, n (%) | 2716 (0.1) | 2259 (0.1) | 51 (0.1) | 63 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) | 39 (0.1) | 176 (0.1) | 107 (0.1) |
| Dementia, n (%) | 18 297 (0.5) | 8269 (0.2) | 623 (1.1) | 336 (0.6) | 144 (0.4) | 143 (0.3) | 5969 (3.3) | 2813 (3.8) |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 72 722 (1.9) | 52 125 (1.5) | 1627 (2.8) | 1180 (2.1) | 630 (1.9) | 626 (1.5) | 12 487 (6.9) | 4047 (5.5) |
| Connective tissue disease, n (%) | 7999 (0.2) | 7023 (0.2) | 161 (0.3) | 102 (0.2) | 46 (0.1) | 38 (0.1) | 531 (0.3) | 98 (0.1) |
| Peptic ulcer disease, n (%) | 57 145 (1.5) | 38 508 (1.1) | 1664 (2.8) | 1316 (2.4) | 785 (2.3) | 816 (2.0) | 9201 (5.1) | 4855 (6.6) |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 41 710 (1.1) | 30 024 (0.9) | 1656 (2.8) | 1247 (2.2) | 793 (2.4) | 1117 (2.7) | 4451 (2.5) | 2422 (3.3) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 134 199 (3.5) | 60 956 (1.8) | 7685 (13.0) | 5805 (10.4) | 3430 (10.3) | 3634 (8.9) | 31 681 (17.6) | 21 008 (28.4) |
| Hemiplegia, n (%) | 22 479 (0.6) | 234 (0.0) | 12 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | 14 790 (8.2) | 7424 (10.0) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 99 698 (2.6) | 82 296 (2.4) | 2645 (4.5) | 2038 (3.7) | 1194 (3.6) | 1129 (2.8) | 7105 (3.9) | 3291 (4.4) |
| DM duration, years, mean (SD) | 6.9 (6.9) | NA | 6.2 (6.0) | 7.9 (7.0) | 8.8 (7.6) | 6.5 (7.5) | NA | 6.2 (6.7) |
| Metformin, n (%) | 164 500 (4.3) | NA | 31 459 (53.2) | 39 387 (70.8) | 26 050 (78.0) | 31 692 (77.6) | NA | 35 912 (48.5) |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 159 358 (4.2) | NA | 29 170 (49.4) | 36 368 (65.4) | 24 546 (73.5) | 27 467 (67.2) | NA | 41 807 (56.5) |
| Other DM drugs, n (%) | 2106 (0.1) | NA | 238 (0.4) | 453 (0.8) | 406 (1.2) | 425 (1.0) | NA | 584 (0.8) |
| Bolus, n (%) | 31 389 (0.8) | NA | 2642 (4.5) | 3678 (6.6) | 4340 (13.0) | 8657 (21.2) | NA | 12 072 (16.3) |
| Basal bolus, n (%) | 31 657 (0.8) | NA | 276 (0.5) | 514 (0.9) | 665 (2.0) | 1093 (2.7) | NA | 871 (1.2) |
The values are presented as mean (SD) or number (%), as appropriate.
CVD includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke.
Other DM drugs are other antidiabetic drugs excluding insulin.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NA, not applicable.