Incidence rate and HR of all-cause mortality of the patient groups
| No DM and CVD | DM with HbA1c <7% | DM with HbA1c 7%–7.9% | DM with HbA1c 8%–8.9% | DM with HbA1c ≥9% | CVD only | DM and CVD | |
| Hong Kong cohort | |||||||
| Number of participants | 3 396 417 | 59 105 | 55 648 | 33 413 | 40 860 | 179 974 | 73 974 |
| Number of deaths (% of number of participants) | 264 268 (7.8) | 16 314 (27.6) | 13 565 (24.4) | 8257 (24.7) | 9636 (23.6) | 73 168 (40.7) | 38 610 (52.2) |
| Median follow-up period (months) | 108.5 | 130.5 | 130.5 | 130.5 | 121.5 | 96.5 | 90.5 |
| Person-years | 26 912 392 | 535 843 | 524 666 | 312 960 | 349 404 | 1 290 515 | 511 068 |
| Incidence rate (cases/1000 person-years) | 9.82 | 30.45 | 25.85 | 26.38 | 27.58 | 56.70 | 75.55 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.25 (1.23 to 1.27) | 1.21 (1.19 to 1.23) | 1.36 (1.33 to 1.39) | 1.82 (1.78 to 1.85) | 1.37 (1.36 to 1.38) | 1.83 (1.81 to 1.85) |
| UK Biobank | |||||||
| Number of participants | 449 936 | 8207 | 3556 | 1429 | 999 | 29 138 | 4514 |
| Number of deaths (% of number of participants) | 15 083 (3.4) | 590 (7.2) | 259 (7.3) | 111 (7.8) | 95 (9.5) | 2912 (10.0) | 794 (17.6) |
| Median follow-up period (months) | 137.0 | 134.7 | 135.8 | 135.3 | 133.8 | 136.1 | 133.1 |
| Person-years | 5 070 539 | 89 928 | 39 160 | 15 632 | 10 795 | 316 542 | 46 723 |
| Incidence rate (cases/1000 person-years) | 2.97 | 6.56 | 6.61 | 7.10 | 8.80 | 9.20 | 16.99 |
| HR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.45 (1.33 to 1.58) | 1.50 (1.32 to 1.70) | 1.72 (1.43 to 2.08) | 2.51 (2.05 to 3.08) | 1.67 (1.59 to 1.75) | 2.62 (2.42 to 2.83) |
HR was adjusted with sex, age, smoking status, disease status of atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, amputation, dementia, chronic lung disease, connective tissue disease, peptic ulcer disease, liver disease, chronic kidney disease, hemiplegia, cancer, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension at baseline in the Hong Kong cohort. In the case of UK Biobank, HR was adjusted with the above variables, as well as ethnicity and Townsend Deprivation Index.
CVD includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.