Baseline characteristics of subjects by patient group in the UK Biobank
| Demographics | Total (n=497 779) | No DM and CVD (n=449 936) | DM with HbA1c <7% (n=8207) | DM with HbA1c 7%–7.9% (n=3556) | DM with HbA1c 8%–8.9% (n=1429) | DM with HbA1c ≥9% (n=999) | CVD only (n=29 138) | CVD and DM (n=4514) |
| Male, n (%) | 226 528 (45.5) | 195 869 (43.5) | 4884 (59.5) | 2115 (59.5) | 870 (60.9) | 631 (63.2) | 18 847 (64.7) | 3312 (73.4) |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 469 457 (94.31) | 425 526 (94.57) | 7174 (87.41) | 3083 (86.70) | 1194 (83.55) | 814 (81.48) | 27 727 (95.16) | 3939 (87.26) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 56.5 (8.1) | 56.1 (8.1) | 59.5 (7.3) | 59.7 (7.0) | 58.5 (7.2) | 56.4 (7.4) | 61.4 (6.4) | 62.0 (5.8) |
| Previous smoker, n (%) | 171 639 (34.5) | 149 961 (33.3) | 3390 (41.3) | 1472 (41.4) | 588 (41.1) | 361 (36.1) | 13 501 (46.3) | 2366 (52.4) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 52 497 (10.5) | 46 632 (10.4) | 827 (10.1) | 363 (10.2) | 166 (11.6) | 121 (12.1) | 3826 (13.1) | 562 (12.5) |
| Charlson index, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.6) | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.0 (1.6) | 2.8 (1.6) | 3.6 (1.7) | 3.8 (1.8) |
| Obesity, n (%) | 13 161 (2.6) | 9534 (2.1) | 690 (8.4) | 299 (8.4) | 140 (9.8) | 119 (11.9) | 1722 (5.9) | 657 (14.6) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 105 830 (21.3) | 67 000 (14.9) | 6416 (78.2) | 3054 (85.9) | 1174 (82.2) | 796 (79.7) | 23 103 (79.3) | 4287 (95.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 135 181 (27.2) | 105 026 (23.3) | 5272 (64.2) | 2244 (63.1) | 908 (63.5) | 605 (60.6) | 17 482 (60.0) | 3644 (80.7) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 3720 (0.7) | 2587 (0.6) | 90 (1.1) | 30 (0.8) | 13 (0.9) | 12 (1.2) | 861 (3.0) | 127 (2.8) |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 5556 (1.1) | 3960 (0.9) | 123 (1.5) | 49 (1.4) | 24 (1.7) | 11 (1.1) | 1101 (3.8) | 288 (6.4) |
| Amputation, n (%) | 10 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
| Dementia, n (%) | 253 (0.1) | 183 (0.0) | 5 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 55 (0.2) | 9 (0.2) |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 65 070 (13.1) | 57 004 (12.7) | 1298 (15.8) | 538 (15.1) | 202 (14.1) | 151 (15.1) | 4974 (17.1) | 903 (20.0) |
| Connective tissue disease, n (%) | 369 (0.1) | 313 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 43 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) |
| Peptic ulcer disease, n (%) | 12 663 (2.5) | 10 108 (2.2) | 293 (3.6) | 126 (3.5) | 50 (3.5) | 24 (2.4) | 1739 (6.0) | 323 (7.2) |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 4764 (1.0) | 3755 (0.8) | 212 (2.6) | 77 (2.2) | 44 (3.1) | 24 (2.4) | 469 (1.6) | 183 (4.1) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 6613 (1.3) | 4420 (1.0) | 334 (4.1) | 148 (4.2) | 43 (3.0) | 37 (3.7) | 1252 (4.3) | 379 (8.4) |
| Hemiplegia, n (%) | 1031 (0.2) | 237 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 674 (2.3) | 109 (2.4) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 67 944 (13.6) | 60 006 (13.3) | 1291 (15.7) | 502 (14.1) | 201 (14.1) | 124 (12.4) | 5012 (17.2) | 808 (17.9) |
| Townsend Deprivation Index, mean (SD) | −1.31 (3.09) | −1.38 (3.04) | −0.57 (3.34) | −0.58 (3.35) | −0.36 (3.41) | 0.21 (3.60) | −0.74 (3.35) | 0.07 (3.53) |
| DM duration, years, mean (SD) | 3.03 (4.37) | NA | 2.48 (3.76) | 2.87 (4.58) | 2.94 (4.43) | 3.11 (4.57) | NA | 4.18 (4.93) |
| Use of antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 15 545 (3.1) | NA | 6330 (77.1) | 3316 (93.3) | 1358 (95.0) | 965 (96.6) | NA | 3576 (79.2) |
The values are presented as mean (SD) or number (%), as appropriate.
CVD includes coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke.
Other DM drugs are other antidiabetic drugs excluding insulin.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NA, not applicable.