Baseline characteristics of COVID-19-positive patients and matched controls without COVID-19*
| Controls without COVID-19 | Patients with COVID-19 | ||
| n=157 936 | n=157 936 | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | n (%) | 74 211 (47.00) | 74 211 (47.00) |
| Female | n (%) | 83 725 (53.01) | 83 725 (53.01) |
| Age | |||
| Years | Mean (SD) | 43 (14.11) | 43 (14.12) |
| Group | 25–<40 | 76 471 (48.40) | 76 471 (48.40) |
| 40–<60 | 59 426 (37.60) | 59 426 (37.60) | |
| ≥60 | 22 039 (14.00) | 22 039 (14.00) | |
| Population group (based on primary care clinic) | |||
| Arab | n (%) | 12 299 (7.79) | 12 299 (7.79) |
| Jewish Orthodox | n (%) | 38 710 (24.51) | 38 710 (24.51) |
| Traditional/secular Jewish | n (%) | 106 250 (67.27) | 106 250 (67.27) |
| Missing | n (%) | 677 (0.43) | 677 (0.43) |
| SES | |||
| Low | n (%) | 67 830 (42.90) | 71 062 (45.00) |
| Medium | n (%) | 56 846 (36.00) | 59 018 (37.40) |
| High | n (%) | 31 921 (20.20) | 26 091 (16.50) |
| Missing | n (%) | 1338 (0.80) | 1765 (1.10) |
| COVID-19 severity | |||
| Not hospitalized | Not applicable | 150 875 (95.50) | |
| Hospitalized | n (%) | Not applicable | 6722 (4.26) |
| Hospitalized with severe disease | n (%) | Not applicable | 1568 (1.00) |
| Missing | n (%) | Not applicable | 339 (0.20) |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 27.04 (10.67) | 26.19 (15.51) |
| <25 | n (%) | 66 965 (42.40) | 58 183 (36.84) |
| 25–<30 | n (%) | 51 662 (32.71) | 53 268 (33.73) |
| 30–<35 | n (%) | 23 339 (14.78) | 29 167 (18.47) |
| 35–<40 | n (%) | 9332 (5.91) | 10 187 (6.45) |
| 40–<45 | n (%) | 2688 (1.70) | 4084 (2.59) |
| 45–<50 | n (%) | 814 (0.52) | 728 (0.46) |
| ≥50 | n (%) | 541 (0.34) | 638 (0.40) |
| Missing | n (%) | 2595 (1.64) | 1681 (1.06) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Non-smoker | n (%) | 82 023 (51.93) | 89 273 (56.52) |
| Former | n (%) | 26 301 (16.65) | 26 312 (16.66) |
| Current | n (%) | 47 872 (30.31) | 41 157 (26.06) |
| Missing | n (%) | 1740 (1.10) | 1194 (0.76) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 89.97 (10.77) | 89.96 (10.31) |
| Median (IQR) | 89 (83–96) | 89 (83–96) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 178.50 (37.48) | 176.67 (36.48) |
| Median (IQR) | 175 (152–201) | 174 (151–199) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 50.69 (13.07) | 49.82 (12.47) |
| Median (IQR) | 49 (41–58) | 48 (41–57) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 105.59 (30.77) | 104.63 (29.97) |
| Median (IQR) | 103 (84–124) | 102 (83–123) | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 113.06 (71.07) | 112.88 (69.41) |
| Median (IQR) | 95 (69–136) | 96 (69–137) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 117.78 (17.54) | 117.27 (13.95) |
| Median (IQR) | 118 (110–125) | 118 (110–125) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||
| Level | Mean (SD) | 72.11 (10.52) | 71.89 (10.40) |
| Median (IQR) | 70 (66–80) | 70 (66–80) | |
| Diagnosis of comorbidities | |||
| Pre-diabetes | n (%) | 9631 (6.1) | 10 304 (6.5) |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 17 593 (11.1) | 16 828 (10.7) |
| IHD | n (%) | 3868 (2.4) | 3904 (2.5) |
| Congestive heart failure | n (%) | 1185 (0.8) | 1128 (0.7) |
| Hyperlipidemia | n (%) | 30 382 (19.2) | 29 550 (18.7) |
| CKD | n (%) | 2108 (1.3) | 2077 (1.3) |
| PCOS/PCOD | n (%) | 3185 (2.0) | 3011 (1.9) |
| Pharmaceutical treatment | |||
| Beta-blocking agents | n (%) | 7731 (4.9) | 7238 (4.6) |
| Calcium channel blockers | n (%) | 4803 (3.0) | 4600 (2.9) |
| Agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system | n (%) | 12 046 (7.6) | 11 565 (7.3) |
| Lipid-modifying agents | n (%) | 18 507 (11.7) | 17 542 (11.1) |
*The following data were missing at index date for patients with COVID-19 and for controls without COVID-19, respectively: SES: 1765 and 1338, BMI: 1681 and 2595, smoking status: 1194 and 1740, glucose concentration: 5867 and 8137, HDL cholesterol: 9086 and 12410, LDL cholesterol: 9483 and 12892, triglycerides: 8261 and 11520, and COVID-19 severity: 678 and 0.
†The following ATC codes were used for pharmaceutical treatment: beta-blocking agents (ATC code C07), calcium channel blockers (ATC code C08), agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system (ATC code C09), and lipid-modifying agents (ATC code C10).
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PCOD, polycystic ovarian disease; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; SES, socioeconomic status.