Study | VADR | REGARDS | Geisinger | |
Cases | Control encounters | |||
Higher density urban | ||||
Number of census tracts | 17 035 | 1318 | 80 | 99 |
Number of persons | 478 668 | 1810 | 1039 | 4121 |
NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage) | 50 404 (10.5) | 415 (22.9) | 243 (23.4) | 1082 (26.3) |
NSEE Q2, n (%)* | 99 851 (20.9) | 509 (28.1) | 310 (29.8) | 1142 (27.7) |
NSEE Q3, n (%)* | 127 723 (26.7) | 486 (26.9) | 288 (27.7) | 1040 (25.2) |
NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage) | 200 273 (41.9) | 400 (22.1) | 189 (19.1) | 857 (20.8) |
Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.78 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.73 (0.59, 1.0) |
PA facility density within 1 mile walking buffer, count/km2, median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.4) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.7) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) |
Land use environment score, median (IQR) | −0.07 (−0.59, 0.50) | 0.13 (−0.50, 0.64) | 0.24 (−0.34, 0.66) | 0.24 (−0.38, 0.70) |
% non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD) | 25.1 (31.7) | 64.4 (32.9) | 6.2 (7.8) | 5.1 (5.9) |
% Hispanic, mean (SD) | 22.7 (24.3) | 8.4 (11.4) | 5.8 (7.3) | 5.8 (8.2) |
Lower density urban | ||||
Number of census tracts | 25 630 | 2973 | 101 | 148 |
Number of persons | 1 509 042 | 4524 | 1890 | 8665 |
NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage) | 597 922 (39.6) | 948 (21.0) | 84 (4.4) | 673 (7.8) |
NSEE Q2, n (%)* | 467 687 (31) | 1094 (24.2) | 410 (21.7) | 2144 (24.7) |
NSEE Q3, n (%)* | 277 240 (18.4) | 1205 (26.6) | 547 (28.9) | 2486 (28.7) |
NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage) | 165 515 (11) | 1277 (28.2) | 849 (44.9) | 3362 (38.8) |
Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 1.3 (0.66, 2.1) | 1.2 (.55. 2.1) |
PA facility density within 2 mile driving buffer, count/km2, median (IQR) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 1.0 (0.72, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.72, 1.5) |
Land use environment score, median (IQR) | 0.09 (−0.58, 0.68) | −0.00 (−0.63, 0.65) | 0.31 (−0.47, 1.02) | 0.15 (−0.57, 0.93) |
% non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD) | 15.4 (22.8) | 43.4 (35.9) | 2.6 (3.3) | 2.5 (2.9) |
% Hispanic, mean (SD) | 14.8 (18.1) | 5.0 (7.9) | 3.0 (5.3) | 2.7 (4.4) |
Suburban/small town | ||||
Number of census tracts | 11 743 | 1491 | 159 | 209 |
Number of persons | 919 281 | 2224 | 5009 | 24 886 |
NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage) | 331 549 (36.1) | 482 (21.7) | 779 (15.6) | 4817 (19.4) |
NSEE Q2, n (%)* | 303 951 (33.1) | 493 (22.2) | 906 (18.1) | 5140 (20.7) |
NSEE Q3, n (%)* | 189 142 (20.6) | 560 (25.2) | 1537 (30.7) | 7509 (30.2) |
NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage) | 94 385 (10.3) | 689 (31.0) | 1787 (35.7) | 7420 (29.8) |
Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.5) | 2.1 (1.2, 4.1) | 2.7 (1.7, 5.6) | 2.4 (1.5, 4.6) |
PA facility density within 6 mile driving buffer, count/km2, median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.19 (0.14, 0.35) | 0.19 (0.15, 0.39) |
Land use environment score, median (IQR) | −0.06 (−0.70, 0.54) | 0.02 (−0.64, 0.57) | 0.71 (−0.54, 1.85) | 0.26 (−0.68, 1.82) |
% non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD) | 9.5 (15.9) | 28.0 (30.3) | 1.9 (4.4) | 1.8 (4.3) |
% Hispanic, mean (SD) | 9.8 (14.4) | 3.3 (5.3) | 1.5 (2.6) | 1.5 (2.5) |
Rural | ||||
Number of census tracts | 17 427 | 1719 | 235 | 296 |
Number of persons | 1 193 659 | 2650 | 7950 | 41 763 |
NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage) | 79 421 (6.7) | 500 (18.9) | 2256 (28.4) | 13 010 (31.2) |
NSEE Q2, n (%)* | 332 667 (27.9) | 531 (20.0) | 1802 (22.7) | 9.744 (23.3) |
NSEE Q3, n (%)* | 507 151 (42.5) | 638 (24.1) | 2470 (31.1) | 12 096 (29.0) |
NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage) | 274 277 (23) | 981 (37.0) | 1422 (17.9) | 6931 (16.6) |
Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR) | 5.9 (3.3, 9.8) | 7.0 (3.9, 11.5) | 6.3 (4, 8.5) | 6 (3.9, 8.1) |
PA facility density within 6 mile driving buffer, count/km2, median (IQR) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.08) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.14) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.15) |
Land use environment score, median (IQR) | −0.04 (−0.53, 0.59) | 0.11 (−0.42, 0.79) | 0.27 (−0.11, 0.67) | 0.28 (−0.10, 0.67) |
% non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD) | 6.6 (13.6) | 31.5 (27.5) | 2.2 (4.4) | 2.2 (4.3) |
% Hispanic, mean (SD) | 5.8 (10.5) | 2.6 (5.1) | 2.2 (3.6) | 2.0 (3.3) |
*Time-varying NSEE assignment: VADR: patients who entered the cohort before 2010 were assigned NSEE based on the 2000 Census data; otherwise, patients were assigned NSEE based on 2006–2010 ACS data. REGARDS: all participants were assigned NSEE based on the 2000 Census data. Geisinger: new cases/matched controls in years 2008–2012 were assigned NSEE based on 2000 Census; new cases/matched controls in years 2013–2016 were assigned NSEE based on 2006–2010 ACS data.
ACS, American Community Survey; IQR, Interquartile range (25th, 75th percentile); NA, not applicable; NSEE, neighborhood socioeconomic environment; PA, physical activity; Q, quartile; REGARDS, REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; VADR, Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk.