Table 2

Baseline census tract-level characteristics of three independent study samples in the Diabetes LEAD Network

Study
VADRREGARDSGeisinger
CasesControl encounters
Higher density urban
 Number of census tracts17 03513188099
 Number of persons478 668181010394121
 NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage)50 404 (10.5)415 (22.9)243 (23.4)1082 (26.3)
 NSEE Q2, n (%)*99 851 (20.9)509 (28.1)310 (29.8)1142 (27.7)
 NSEE Q3, n (%)*127 723 (26.7)486 (26.9)288 (27.7)1040 (25.2)
 NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage)200 273 (41.9)400 (22.1)189 (19.1)857 (20.8)
 Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR)0.5 (0.4, 0.8)0.5 (0.4, 0.8)0.78 (0.5, 1.2)0.73 (0.59, 1.0)
 PA facility density within 1 mile walking buffer, count/km2, median (IQR)1.3 (0.6, 2.4)0.8 (0.4, 1.5)2.1 (1.5, 2.7)2.2 (1.6, 2.9)
 Land use environment score, median (IQR)−0.07 (−0.59, 0.50)0.13 (−0.50, 0.64)0.24 (−0.34, 0.66)0.24 (−0.38, 0.70)
 % non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD)25.1 (31.7)64.4 (32.9)6.2 (7.8)5.1 (5.9)
 % Hispanic, mean (SD)22.7 (24.3)8.4 (11.4)5.8 (7.3)5.8 (8.2)
Lower density urban
 Number of census tracts25 6302973101148
 Number of persons1 509 042452418908665
 NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage)597 922 (39.6)948 (21.0)84 (4.4)673 (7.8)
 NSEE Q2, n (%)*467 687 (31)1094 (24.2)410 (21.7)2144 (24.7)
 NSEE Q3, n (%)*277 240 (18.4)1205 (26.6)547 (28.9)2486 (28.7)
 NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage)165 515 (11)1277 (28.2)849 (44.9)3362 (38.8)
 Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR)0.8 (0.5, 1.4)0.8 (0.5, 1.4)1.3 (0.66, 2.1)1.2 (.55. 2.1)
 PA facility density within 2 mile driving buffer, count/km2, median (IQR)0.7 (0.4, 1.1)0.5 (0.2, 0.8)1.0 (0.72, 1.5)1.0 (0.72, 1.5)
 Land use environment score, median (IQR)0.09 (−0.58, 0.68)−0.00 (−0.63, 0.65)0.31 (−0.47, 1.02)0.15 (−0.57, 0.93)
 % non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD)15.4 (22.8)43.4 (35.9)2.6 (3.3)2.5 (2.9)
 % Hispanic, mean (SD)14.8 (18.1)5.0 (7.9)3.0 (5.3)2.7 (4.4)
Suburban/small town
 Number of census tracts11 7431491159209
 Number of persons919 2812224500924 886
 NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage)331 549 (36.1)482 (21.7)779 (15.6)4817 (19.4)
 NSEE Q2, n (%)*303 951 (33.1)493 (22.2)906 (18.1)5140 (20.7)
 NSEE Q3, n (%)*189 142 (20.6)560 (25.2)1537 (30.7)7509 (30.2)
 NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage)94 385 (10.3)689 (31.0)1787 (35.7)7420 (29.8)
 Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR)2.0 (1.1, 3.5)2.1 (1.2, 4.1)2.7 (1.7, 5.6)2.4 (1.5, 4.6)
 PA facility density within 6 mile driving buffer, count/km2, median (IQR)0.2 (0.1, 0.4)0.2 (0.1, 0.3)0.19 (0.14, 0.35)0.19 (0.15, 0.39)
 Land use environment score, median (IQR)−0.06 (−0.70, 0.54)0.02 (−0.64, 0.57)0.71 (−0.54, 1.85)0.26 (−0.68, 1.82)
 % non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD)9.5 (15.9)28.0 (30.3)1.9 (4.4)1.8 (4.3)
 % Hispanic, mean (SD)9.8 (14.4)3.3 (5.3)1.5 (2.6)1.5 (2.5)
Rural
 Number of census tracts17 4271719235296
 Number of persons1 193 6592650795041 763
 NSEE Q1, n (%)* (lowest disadvantage)79 421 (6.7)500 (18.9)2256 (28.4)13 010 (31.2)
 NSEE Q2, n (%)*332 667 (27.9)531 (20.0)1802 (22.7)9.744 (23.3)
 NSEE Q3, n (%)*507 151 (42.5)638 (24.1)2470 (31.1)12 096 (29.0)
 NSEE Q4, n (%)* (highest disadvantage)274 277 (23)981 (37.0)1422 (17.9)6931 (16.6)
 Population-weighted distance to seven closest parks, miles, median (IQR)5.9 (3.3, 9.8)7.0 (3.9, 11.5)6.3 (4, 8.5)6 (3.9, 8.1)
 PA facility density within 6 mile driving buffer, count/km2, median (IQR)0.04 (0.01, 0.09)0.03 (0.01, 0.08)0.08 (0.02, 0.14)0.08 (0.02, 0.15)
 Land use environment score, median (IQR)−0.04 (−0.53, 0.59)0.11 (−0.42, 0.79)0.27 (−0.11, 0.67)0.28 (−0.10, 0.67)
 % non-Hispanic Black, mean (SD)6.6 (13.6)31.5 (27.5)2.2 (4.4)2.2 (4.3)
 % Hispanic, mean (SD)5.8 (10.5)2.6 (5.1)2.2 (3.6)2.0 (3.3)
  • *Time-varying NSEE assignment: VADR: patients who entered the cohort before 2010 were assigned NSEE based on the 2000 Census data; otherwise, patients were assigned NSEE based on 2006–2010 ACS data. REGARDS: all participants were assigned NSEE based on the 2000 Census data. Geisinger: new cases/matched controls in years 2008–2012 were assigned NSEE based on 2000 Census; new cases/matched controls in years 2013–2016 were assigned NSEE based on 2006–2010 ACS data.

  • ACS, American Community Survey; IQR, Interquartile range (25th, 75th percentile); NA, not applicable; NSEE, neighborhood socioeconomic environment; PA, physical activity; Q, quartile; REGARDS, REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; VADR, Veterans Administration Diabetes Risk.