Univariate and multivariable analyses examining factors associated with the composite outcome of worsening glycemic status* in comparison with participants who maintained a normal oral glucose tolerance test result
| Factor | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | P value |
| Age | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11) | 0.138 | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | 0.749 |
| Female | 1.38 (0.95 to 2.00) | 0.095 | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.07) | 0.107 |
| LGA/SGA | 1.34 (0.71 to 2.54) | 0.364 | 1.09 (0.56 to 2.11) | 0.798 |
| Preterm | 2.66 (1.01 to 7.05) | 0.048 | 2.80 (0.81 to 9.65) | 0.102 |
| Age >10 years | 6.44 (1.52 to 27.36) | 0.012 | 4.94 (1.21 to 20.25) | 0.027 |
| Family history of hyperlipidemia | 1.72 (1.18 to 2.51) | 0.005 | 1.32 (0.88 to 1.98) | 0.174 |
| Family history of DM | 1.65 (1.15 to 2.38) | 0.007 | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.68) | 0.571 |
| Family history of obesity | 1.26 (0.85 to 1.87) | 0.241 | 1.18 (0.79 to 1.77) | 0.418 |
| Family history of hypertension | 1.37 (0.94 to 1.99) | 0.097 | 1.09 (0.73 to 1.63) | 0.676 |
| BMI rise | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11) | 0.012 | 1.71 (1.17 to 2.49) | <0.001 |
| BMI increase >1.08 kg/m2 | 1.68 (1.17 to 2.42) | 0.005 | 1.71 (1.16 to 2.51) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.93 (1.27 to 2.93) | 0.002 | 1.51 (0.94 to 2.41) | 0.09 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2.08 (1.43 to 3.03) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.12 to 2.50) | 0.012 |
| Fatty liver disease | 2.20 (1.52 to 3.18) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.43 to 3.12) | <0.001 |
| PCOS | 2.38 (1.20 to 4.69) | 0.013 | 1.49 (0.63 to 3.54) | 0.365 |
| OSA | 0.83 (0.58 to 1.19) | 0.311 | 0.82 (0.56 to 1.20) | 0.301 |
| Presence of 2 comorbidities‡ | 1.30 (0.85 to 2.00) | 0.227 | 1.24 (0.79 to 1.95) | 0.351 |
| Presence of 3 comorbidities‡ | 2.32 (1.45 to 3.73) | 0.001 | 2.07 (1.18 to 3.64) | 0.012 |
| Presence of 4 comorbidities‡ | 1.88 (1.02 to 3.48) | 0.044 | 1.84 (0.95 to 3.57) | 0.07 |
| Presence of 5 comorbidities‡ | 7.70 (1.90 to 31.16) | 0.004 | 0.49 (0.02 to 11.34) | 0.659 |
Bolded values are the statistically significant p-values (p < 0.05).
*Worsening glycemic status: NGT-IGT, NGT-DM, IGT-DM.
†OR was adjusted for treatment received, including lifestyle, metformin, insulin, and lipid-lowering agents.
‡Comorbidities included any of the following: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, PCOS, and OSA.
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; LGA, large for gestational age; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; SGA, small for gestational age.