Baseline characteristics by sex
| Overall | Men | Women | P value | |
| (n=5047) | (n=3210) | (n=1837) | ||
| Age at baseline visit (years) | 57.2±10.0 | 58.2±10.1 | 55.4±9.6 | <0.001 |
| Categorized age | <0.001 | |||
| Age <45 years | 623 (12.3%) | 346 (10.8%) | 277 (15.1%) | |
| Age 45–54 years | 1436 (28.5%) | 856 (26.7%) | 580 (31.6%) | |
| Age 55–64 years | 1778 (35.2%) | 1085 (33.8%) | 693 (37.7%) | |
| Age ≥65 years | 1210 (24.0%) | 923 (28.8%) | 287 (15.6%) | |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean | 4.0±2.8 | 4.1±2.8 | 4.0±2.8 | 0.258 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 137 (2.7%) | 56 (1.7%) | 81 (4.4%) | |
| Asian | 182 (3.6%) | 140 (4.4%) | 42 (2.3%) | |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 28 (0.6%) | 20 (0.6%) | 8 (0.4%) | |
| Black or African-American | 1000 (19.8%) | 491 (15.3%) | 509 (27.7%) | |
| White | 3314 (65.7%) | 2288 (71.3%) | 1026 (55.9%) | |
| Other/multiple | 319 (6.3%) | 175 (5.5%) | 144 (7.8%) | |
| Unknown/not reported | 67 (1.3%) | 40 (1.2%) | 27 (1.5%) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| Hispanic/Latino | 929 (18.4%) | 502 (15.6%) | 427 (23.2%) | |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 4077 (80.8%) | 2685 (83.6%) | 1392 (75.8%) | |
| Unknown | 41 (0.8%) | 23 (0.7%) | 18 (1.0%) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 2918 (57.8%) | 2061 (64.2%) | 857 (46.7%) | |
| Living with partner | 288 (5.7%) | 179 (5.6%) | 109 (5.9%) | |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1233 (24.4%) | 631 (19.7%) | 602 (32.8%) | |
| Single | 606 (12.0%) | 339 (10.6%) | 267 (14.6%) | |
| Years of education | <0.001 | |||
| Some high school | 364 (7.2%) | 174 (5.4%) | 190 (10.3%) | |
| High school graduate/GED | 1039 (20.6%) | 632 (19.7%) | 407 (22.2%) | |
| Some college | 1463 (29.0%) | 951 (29.6%) | 512 (27.9%) | |
| College graduate or more | 2180 (43.2%) | 1453 (45.3%) | 727 (39.6%) | |
| Employment | <0.001 | |||
| Employed full-time or part-time, or seasonally | 3004 (59.6%) | 1875 (58.4%) | 1129 (61.5%) | |
| Retired | 1203 (23.9%) | 902 (28.1%) | 301 (16.4%) | |
| Full-time homemaker | 152 (3.0%) | 7 (0.2%) | 145 (7.9%) | |
| Not employed | 380 (7.5%) | 229 (7.1%) | 151 (8.2%) | |
| Never worked or disabled | 145 (2.9%) | 97 (3.0%) | 48 (2.6%) | |
| Student or other | 160 (3.2%) | 98 (3.1%) | 62 (3.4%) | |
| Income | <0.001 | |||
| <US$10 000 | 296 (5.9%) | 146 (4.5%) | 150 (8.2%) | |
| US$10 000 to <US$50 000 | 1942 (38.5%) | 1162 (36.2%) | 780 (42.5%) | |
| US$50 000 to <US$75 000 | 788 (15.6%) | 529 (16.5%) | 259 (14.1%) | |
| US$75 000+ | 1401 (27.8%) | 1009 (31.4%) | 392 (21.3%) | |
| Refused | 620 (12.3%) | 364 (11.3%) | 256 (13.9%) | |
| Current smoking | 695 (13.8%) | 514 (16.0%) | 181 (9.9%) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Depression/anxiety medications | 472* (18.9%) | 283 (17.1%) | 189 (22.5%) | 0.001 |
| Exogenous estrogen and/or progesterone | 156 (8.5%) | 0 | 156 (8.5%) | n/a |
| Exogenous androgens | 84 (2.6%) | 84 (2.6%) | 0 | n/a |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 100.0±22.3 | 104.0±21.7 | 92.9±21.6 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.3±6.8 | 33.7±6.3 | 35.4±7.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI categories | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight/normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 233 (4.6%) | 148 (4.6%) | 85 (4.6%) | |
| Overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2) | 1213 (24.1%) | 837 (26.1%) | 376 (20.5%) | |
| Class I obesity (30 kg/m2 to <35 kg/m2) | 1603 (31.8%) | 1086 (33.9%) | 517 (28.2%) | |
| Class II obesity (35 kg/m2 to <40 kg/m2) | 1093 (21.7%) | 668 (20.9%) | 425 (23.1%) | |
| Class III obesity (≥40 kg/m2) | 896 (17.8%) | 463 (14.5%) | 433 (23.6%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 112.3±15.8 | 114.1±15.6 | 109.3±15.6 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference >sex and race-specific threshold† | 4244 (84%) | 2538 (79%) | 1706 (92.9%) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 128.3±14.7 | 129.0±14.6 | 127.3±14.9 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 77.3±9.9 | 77.8±9.8 | 76.5±9.9 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 7.5±0.5 58.3 (5.3) | 7.5±0.5 58.4 (5.2) | 7.5±0.5 58.3 (5.3) | 0.678 |
| HbA1c ≤7% (≤53 mmol/mol) | 1101 (21.8%) | 696 (21.7%) | 405 (22.0%) | 0.790 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (mmol/L) | 163.8±37.8 4.24±0.98 | 158.7±37.2 4.10±0.96 | 172.7±37.1 4.47±0.96 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) (mmol/L) | 154.0±121.6 1.74±1.37 | 160.9±134.1 1.82±1.51 | 142.0±94.7 1.60±1.07 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) (mmol/L) | 43.4±10.6 1.12±0.27 | 41.0±9.3 1.06±0.24 | 47.7±11.3 1.23±0.29 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol ≤sex-specific threshold‡ | 2686 (53%) | 1510 (47%) | 1175 (64%) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) (mmol/L) | 90.5±31.7 2.34±0.82 | 86.8±30.9 2.25±0.80 | 96.9±32.1 2.51±0.83 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol<100 mg/dL (<2.59 mmol/L) | 3152 (65.0%) | 2118 (69.2%) | 1034 (57.7%) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) (mmol/L) | 151.5±30.9 8.42±1.72 | 153.3±30.8 8.52±1.71 | 148.3±30.9 8.24±1.72 | <0.001 |
All variables presented as means (SD) except as noted otherwise. Nominal p values are presented from exploratory comparisons of sex differences, and so should not be interpreted as testing hypotheses.
*This question was added after study start and was answered by 2494 participants at baseline.
†Waist circumference <88 cm for women, <102 cm for men (for Asian Americans, <80 cm for women, <90 cm for men).
‡HDL ≥50 mg/dL for women, ≥40 mg/dL for men.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GED, Graduate Equivalency Degree; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.