Baseline characteristics of the participants in the intensive lifestyle intervention
| All participants | Group A (n=61) | Group B (n=67) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 53.7±10.1 | 53.3±9.3 | 54.1±10.9 | 0.63 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 85 (66.4) | 44 (72.1) | 41 (61.2) | 0.2 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.6±9.4 | 9.0±9.1 | 10.0±9.7 | 0.61 |
| Body weight (kg) | 110.3±19 | 104.8±16.9 | 115.4±19.7 | 0.0014 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 38.4±5.2 | 37.3±5.2 | 39.4±5.1 | 0.025 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.43±1.23 | 7.47±1.33 | 7.41±1.14 | 0.8 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 128.3±14.6 | 126.3±14.1 | 130.1±15 | 0.13 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 75.7±8.1 | 75.6±8.7 | 76.0±7.5 | 0.77 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 167±32 | 165±31 | 168±34 | 0.6 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 99.5±30 | 97.1±28.1 | 101.5±31.1 | 0.4 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 43.4±10 | 44.6±10.2 | 42.3±9.9 | 0.2 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 137.4±73.2 | 128.2±60.3 | 145.6±82.7 | 0.17 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.92±0.19 | 0.91±0.19 | 0.92±0.18 | 0.82 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 17.4±5.5 | 16.9±4.8 | 17.8±5.9 | 0.37 |
| Urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio (μg/mg) | 30.1±56.7 | 22.5±26.4 | 36.7±73.8 | 0.17 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.6±25.4 | 83.6±24.6 | 83.5±26.2 | 0.97 |
| Smoker, yes, n (%) | 34 (26.6) | 14 (23) | 20 (29.9) | 0.37 |
| Macrovascular complications, n (%) | 13 (10.2) | 5 (8.2) | 8 (11.9) | 0.49 |
| Microvascular complications, n (%) | ||||
| Nephropathy | 35 (27.3) | 13 (21.3) | 22 (32.8) | 0.14 |
| Retinopathy | 22 (17.2) | 7 (11.5) | 15 (22.4) | 0.1 |
| Neuropathy | 16 (12.5) | 7 (11.5) | 9 (13.4) | 0.73 |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%). Total group, N=128. Group A, n=61 (participants maintained <7% weight loss at 1 year). Group B, n=67 (participants maintained ≥7% weight loss at 1 year). P value for between groups using Student’s t-test or Pearson’s χ2 test. Macrovascular complications were defined based on ICD-9 codes (414.00, 412.00, 414.4, 414.9, 429.20, 428.00, and 433.9).
BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.