Changes from baseline in metabolic parameters after the 12-week intensive lifestyle intervention and at 1 year and 10 years of follow-up
| All participants | Group A | Group B | P value | |||||||
| 12 weeks | 1 year | 10 years | 12 weeks | 1 year | 10 years | 12 weeks | 1 year | 10 years | ||
| Body weight (kg) | −10.8±0.4*** | −9.1±0.8*** | −7.7±0.9*** | −8±0.4*** | −2.4±0.4*** | −4.3±1.2*** | −13.3±0.5*** | −15.2±0.9*** | −10.8±1.1*** | 0.0002 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.93±0.08*** | −0.21±0.1* | 0.16±0.14 | −0.78±0.14*** | 0.24±0.12 | 0.5±0.22* | −1.06±0.1*** | −0.62±0.13*** | −0.15±0.17 | 0.035 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 121.8±13.5*** | 126.8±14.8* | 127.7±15.9 | 122.0±12.8* | 130.7±14.4 | 129.0±17.5 | 121.7±14.2** | 123.2±14.4* | 126.4±14.2 | 0.046 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 73.2±9.3** | 74.0±8.3 | 74.0±9.1 | 74.1±7.4 | 76.0±7.4 | 74.3±8.9 | 72.3±10.7* | 72.1±8.8* | 73.6±9.4 | 0.56 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 148.2±31.2*** | 165.2±34.4 | 160.1±35.2* | 150.7±28.6*** | 169.4±34.9 | 161.7±32.6 | 145.9±33.4** | 161.4±33.7 | 158.7±37.6* | 0.32 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 87.9±28.9*** | 94.5±27.5* | 80.7±29.6*** | 87.8±26.5** | 94.8±27.2 | 81.2±28.9*** | 87.9±31.0*** | 94.3±28.0** | 80.2±30.4*** | 0.4 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 42.2±10.1 | 48.1±12.5*** | 52.1±17.3*** | 44.1±10.8 | 50.0±13.8** | 53.0±17.1*** | 40.4±9.3 | 46.4±11.0** | 51.2±17.7** | 0.9 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 100.9±48.8*** | 143.2±84.6* | 162.6±88.8** | 101.2±46.9*** | 151.5±73.1** | 159.7±76.0** | 100.7±50.8*** | 135.6±93.7* | 165.2±99.5 | 0.48 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.92±0.19 | 0.91±0.22 | 0.88±0.28 | 0.93±0.21 | 0.90±0.22 | 0.90±0.33 | 0.92±0.17 | 0.92±0.21 | 0.87±0.23 | 0.32 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 17.7±6.3 | 18.5±11.8 | 18.3±7.0 | 18.2±6.6 | 17.6±6.5 | 19.0±7.9 | 17.2±6.0 | 19.4±15.1 | 17.7±6.0 | 0.056 |
| Urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio (μg/mg) | 18.2±26.8** | 26.6±46.6 | 94.8±282.9** | 16.8±22.4 | 26.4±46.1 | 124.1±329.7* | 19.4±30.6 | 26.7±47.5 | 67.3±229.9 | 0.16 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.9±23.6 | 83.6±25.5 | 88.1±37.1 | 81.5±24.2 | 83.9±23.7 | 89.4±43.3 | 82.3±23 | 83.4±27.2 | 87±31 | 0.053 |
| Antidiabetic medications | ||||||||||
| Metformin | 0.76±0.43 | – | 0.71±0.46 | 0.77±0.4 | – | 0.68±0.47 | 0.75±0.4 | – | 0.73±0.45 | 0.79 |
| Sulfonylurea | 0.19±0.4 | – | 0.18±0.39 | 0.18±0.39 | – | 0.16±0.37 | 0.2±0.4 | – | 0.19±0.4 | 0.66 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors | 0.05±0.23 | – | 0.03±0.17 | 0.05±0.22 | – | 0.05±0.22 | 0.06±0.24 | – | 0.01±0.12 | 0.28 |
| Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists | 0.38±0.49 | – | 0.4±0.5 | 0.33±0.47 | – | 0.28±0.45 | 0.43±0.5 | – | 0.5±0.5 | 0.0077 |
| Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) | 0.12±0.32 | – | 0.04±0.19 | 0.08±0.28 | – | 0.03±0.18 | 0.15±0.36 | – | 0.04±0.2 | 0.73 |
| Insulin | ||||||||||
| Short acting | 20.6±36.6 | – | 37.6±62.9 | 19.6±33.6 | – | 44±70.4 | 21.5±39.3 | – | 31.8±55.2 | 0.29 |
| Long acting | 14±29.2 | – | 22.7±36.3 | 11.6±23.2 | – | 19.9±32.8 | 16.3±33.7 | – | 25±39.3 | 0.42 |
Data are mean±SEM. Total group, N=128. Group A, n=61 (participants maintained <7% weight loss at 1 year). Group B, n=67 (participants maintained >7% weight loss at 1 year).
*P<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 compared with baseline. P value for group A vs group B at 10 years.
BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.