Sample (n) | Weighted population (n) | Weighted population % | |
Demographics | |||
Age | |||
<40 | 168 | 929,584 | 10.35 |
40–59 | 669 | 3,661,674 | 40.78 |
60+ | 1247 | 4,388,375 | 48.87 |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic white | 693 | 4,317,072 | 48.08 |
Non-Hispanic black | 495 | 1,627,280 | 18.12 |
Hispanic | 726 | 2,234,000 | 24.88 |
Another race or ethnicity or multiple races | 170 | 801,282 | 8.92 |
Female | 1080 | 4,899,197 | 54.56 |
Widowed, divorced, separated or never married† | 1056 | 4,518,859 | 50.44 |
Education | |||
Less than high school education | 1010 | 3,705,021 | 41.29 |
High school education or equivalent | 504 | 2,513,795 | 28.02 |
At least some college | 566 | 2,753,667 | 30.69 |
English spoken at home <50% of the time | 607 | 1,962,602 | 21.86 |
Income ≤130% FPL | 1569 | 6,522,580 | 72.64 |
Comorbidities | |||
High blood pressure | 1400 | 6,021,658 | 67.29 |
High cholesterol | 1154 | 4,938,850 | 58.75 |
Micro and macrovascular complications | |||
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)‡ | 606 | 2,559,498 | 28.50 |
Kidney disease (kidney) | 201 | 755,548 | 8.41 |
Retinopathy (retinopathy) | 350 | 1,473,247 | 16.41 |
BMI category | |||
Normal weight or underweight (BMI <25) | 271 | 1,034,299 | 11.58 |
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) | 586 | 2,234,603 | 25.02 |
Obesity class 1 (BMI 30–34.9) | 574 | 2,498,902 | 27.98 |
Obesity class 2 (BMI 35–39.9) | 324 | 1,529,991 | 17.13 |
Obesity class 3 (BMI >40) | 322 | 1,633,172 | 18.29 |
Indication of major depression§ | 376 | 1,697,867 | 19.1 |
Health perception and diabetes management strategies | |||
General health condition | |||
Excellent | 61 | 287,989 | 3.21 |
Very good | 181 | 901,137 | 10.05 |
Good | 631 | 2,768,723 | 30.87 |
Fair | 874 | 3,644,065 | 40.63 |
Poor | 333 | 1,367,144 | 15.24 |
Management strategy | |||
Diet controlled (no medication) | 903 | 4,024,579 | 44.82 |
Oral or injectable, no insulin | 839 | 3,420,153 | 38.09 |
Any insulin use | 342 | 1,534,901 | 17.09 |
>10 years since diabetes diagnosis¶ | 797 | 3,199,273 | 48.10 |
Unrestricted carbohydrate intake (>180 g carbs/day) | 1212 | 5,289,208 | 58.90 |
Excess sugar sweetened beverage intake (>15 g carbs/day) | 786 | 3,426,475 | 38.16 |
Inadequate moderate or vigorous physical activity (<150 min/week) | 1254 | 5,322,570 | 59.27 |
Healthcare utilization | |||
Insurance type | |||
Private | 520 | 2,394,104 | 26.79 |
Medicare | 472 | 1,833,470 | 20.51 |
Other government insurance | 158 | 700,485 | 7.84 |
Medicaid | 493 | 2,087,099 | 23.35 |
Self-pay or no insurance | 431 | 1,922,404 | 21.51 |
Routine place to go for healthcare | 1887 | 8,021,086 | 89.33 |
Visits to healthcare provider in last year | |||
Low utilization (0–1 visit) | 359 | 1,747,115 | 19.48 |
Average utilization (2–9 visits) | 1237 | 5,179,302 | 57.76 |
High utilization (10+visits) | 485 | 2,040,821 | 22.76 |
Food security and food assistance | |||
Food security | |||
Very low security | 335 | 1,559,184 | 17.38 |
Low security | 421 | 1,673,245 | 18.65 |
Marginal security | 346 | 1,509,886 | 16.83 |
Full security | 979 | 4,227,888 | 47.13 |
SNAP participation in last 90 days | 821 | 3,623,744 | 40.53 |
*Sample n=2084 (n=1575 had self-reported clinically diagnosed diabetes; an additional n=509 had A1C >6.5% or fasting plasma glucose >125 mg/dL but no self-reported clinically diagnosed diabetes).
†Additional category was married or living with a partner.
‡CVD includes self-report of diagnosed congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina/angina pectoris, heart attack, or stroke.
§Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-9) score of 10+.
¶Individuals who did not self-report a clinical diagnosis of diabetes but had A1C>6.5% were not asked this question.
BMI, body mass index; FPL, federal poverty level; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.