During hospitalization | At follow-up | Non-hospitalized at follow-up | ||||
I-DM (n=249, 6.02%) | Non-I-DM (n=3885) | P-DM (n=204, 7.51%) | Non-P-DM (n=2511) | P-DM (n=55, 4.10%) | Non-P-DM (n=1287) | |
Demographics, n (%) | ||||||
Age, mean years (±SD) | 67.8 (17.9)*** | 63.5 (17.8) | 65.6 (17.3) | 64.8 (16.8) | 54.9 (10.2) | 55.0 (15.3) |
Male | 139 (55.8%)*** | 1641 (42.2%) | 110 (53.9%)*** | 1035 (41.2%) | 20 (36.4%) | 396 (30.8%) |
Hispanic | 82 (32.9%) | 1456 (37.5%) | 71 (34.8%) | 954 (38.0%) | 22 (40.0%) | 465 (36.1%) |
White | 43 (17.3%)* | 452 (11.6%) | 22 (10.8%) | 273 (10.9%) | 4 (7.3%) | 92 (7.1%) |
Black | 79 (31.7%) | 1397 (36.0%) | 74 (36.3%) | 927 (36.9%) | 13 (23.6%) | 470 (36.5%) |
Asian | 9 (3.6%) | 98 (2.5%) | 9 (4.4%) | 64 (2.5%) | 2 (3.6%) | 46 (3.6%) |
Other | 36 (14.5%) | 482 (12.4%) | 28 (13.7%) | 293 (11.7%) | 14 (25.5%) | 214 (16.6%) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.02 (6.7) | 29.14 (6.04) | 30.71 (8.01) | 28.89 (6.42) | 31.1 (14.3) | 30.75 (4.97) |
CHF | 21 (8.4%)* | 180 (4.6%) | 22 (10.8%)* | 157 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (1.0%) |
CKD | 33 (13.3%) | 622 (16.0%) | 32 (15.7%) | 473 (18.8%) | 3 (5.5%) | 128 (9.9%) |
Hypertension | 113 (45.4%)* | 2058 (53.0%) | 101 (49.5%) | 1416 (56.4%) | 29 (52.7%) | 602 (46.8%) |
COPD/Asthma | 41 (16.5%) | 753 (19.4%) | 38 (18.6%) | 551 (21.9%) | 13 (23.6%) | 316 (24.6%) |
Retinopathy | – | – | 0 (0.0%) | – | 0 (0.0%) | – |
Peripheral neuropathy | – | – | 0 (0.0%) | – | 0 (0.0%) | – |
Lab values, mean (±SD) | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | 6.07 (0.66)*** | 5.77 (0.24) | 6.27 (0.91)*** | 5.7 (0.29) | 6.59 (0.46)*** | 5.81 (0.24) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 154.18 (75.88)*** | 106.35 (20.0) | 129.84 (54.04)*** | 98.34 (16.98) | 93.48 (59.04)*** | 82.71 (41.78) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 44.38 (11.43)*** | 50.53 (12.19) | 41.74 (10.17)*** | 50.11 (12.33) | 45.05 (10.29)*** | 50.99 (11.24) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 91.51 (32.89)** | 102.88 (32.29) | 95.71 (34.43) | 100.25 (31.53) | 111.0 (34.78) | 114.72 (31.11) |
CRP (mg/dL) | 18.8 (42.46) | 5.16 (7.91) | 5.73 (6.05)** | 2.93 (4.58) | 2.7 (0.0) | 1.82 (1.67) |
FER (ng/mL) | 435.22 (406.67) | 180.2 (231.83) | 317.89 (358.52)*** | 140.57 (178.31) | 140.97 (102.1) | 90.83 (83.79) |
LDH (U/L) | 375.58 (242.51)* | 254.04 (92.06) | 244.3 (48.13) | 258.32 (95.18) | 182.0 (0.0) | 197.83 (42.68) |
BNP (pg/mL) | 708.88 (1140.4) | 1173.64 (2969.75) | 793.28 (1244.35)* | 387.38 (757.36) | na | 200.7 (451.42) |
Cr (mg/dL) | 1.31 (0.65)*** | 1.02 (0.4) | 1.14 (0.46)*** | 0.94 (0.3) | 0.88 (0.17) | 0.87 (0.18) |
DDIM (μg/mL FEU) | 2.96 (5.92) | 3.54 (5.31) | 1.56 (1.14) | 1.71 (1.82) | na | 0.3 (0.04) |
ALT (U/L) | 35.99 (38.34)** | 26.21 (26.41) | 26.51 (16.42)*** | 21.78 (12.43) | 32.28 (19.0)*** | 21.45 (9.38) |
Lymph (k/μL) | 1.75 (1.16) | 1.68 (0.79) | 1.85 (0.93) | 1.9 (0.79) | 2.36 (0.7)* | 2.1 (0.59) |
PLT (k/μL) | 221.51 (74.91)** | 236.48 (71.87) | 244.2 (75.64) | 244.33 (67.59) | 265.81 (65.73) | 262.19 (60.7) |
PT (s) | 14.81 (2.6)** | 14.19 (1.76) | 14.43 (1.76) | 14.43 (2.25) | 47.3 (0.0)* | 13.38 (1.0) |
WBC (k/μL) | 9.65 (5.26)*** | 8.21 (3.63) | 8.86 (3.36)*** | 7.02 (2.46) | 7.1 (1.92)* | 6.37 (1.63) |
TEMP (°F) | 98.09 (0.55)* | 98.17 (0.49) | 98.18 (0.57) | 98.17 (0.55) | 98.3 (0.63) | 98.2 (0.33) |
TNT (ng/mL) | 0.027 (0.034)* | 0.042 (0.162) | 0.048 (0.160) | 0.025 (0.040) | na | 0.010 (0.0) |
SBP (mm Hg) | 137.14 (23.75)* | 132.57 (18.91) | 129.39 (19.58) | 130.1 (18.03) | 131.17 (26.79) | 130.6 (13.4) |
BUN (mg/dL) | 24.52 (13.89)*** | 16.76 (7.42) | 18.96 (10.42)*** | 15.28 (5.79) | 12.48 (4.15)* | 13.67 (3.79) |
Outcomes, n (%) | ||||||
IMV | 42 (16.9%)*** | 42 (1.1%) | 19 (9.3%)*** | 26 (1.0%) | – | – |
In-hospital death | 26 (10.4%)*** | 35 (0.9%) | – | – | – | – |
In-hospital steroid usage | 59 (23.7%)*** | 175 (4.5%) | 28 (13.7%)*** | 133 (5.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (0.5%) |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 between diabetes and no diabetes within each group.
Laboratory data were obtained from hospitalization or initial outpatient visit.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DDIM, D-dimer; FER, ferritin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; I-DM, in-hospital diabetes mellitus; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lymph, lymphocyte count; na, not available; P-DM, persistent diabetes mellitus; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TEMP, temperature; TnT, troponin T; WBC, white blood cell.