Table 3

Characteristics of patients without COVID-19 with history of prediabetes during (A) hospitalization, (B) hospitalized patients at follow-up, and (C) non-hospitalized patients at follow-up

During hospitalizationAt follow-upNon-hospitalized at follow-up
I-DM (n=249, 6.02%)Non-I-DM (n=3885)P-DM (n=204, 7.51%)Non-P-DM (n=2511)P-DM (n=55, 4.10%)Non-P-DM (n=1287)
Demographics, n (%)
Age, mean years (±SD)67.8 (17.9)***63.5 (17.8)65.6 (17.3)64.8 (16.8)54.9 (10.2)55.0 (15.3)
Male139 (55.8%)***1641 (42.2%)110 (53.9%)***1035 (41.2%)20 (36.4%)396 (30.8%)
 Hispanic82 (32.9%)1456 (37.5%)71 (34.8%)954 (38.0%)22 (40.0%)465 (36.1%)
 White43 (17.3%)*452 (11.6%)22 (10.8%)273 (10.9%)4 (7.3%)92 (7.1%)
 Black79 (31.7%)1397 (36.0%)74 (36.3%)927 (36.9%)13 (23.6%)470 (36.5%)
 Asian9 (3.6%)98 (2.5%)9 (4.4%)64 (2.5%)2 (3.6%)46 (3.6%)
 Other36 (14.5%)482 (12.4%)28 (13.7%)293 (11.7%)14 (25.5%)214 (16.6%)
Comorbidities, n (%)
 BMI (kg/m2)29.02 (6.7)29.14 (6.04)30.71 (8.01)28.89 (6.42)31.1 (14.3)30.75 (4.97)
 CHF21 (8.4%)*180 (4.6%)22 (10.8%)*157 (6.3%)0 (0.0%)13 (1.0%)
 CKD33 (13.3%)622 (16.0%)32 (15.7%)473 (18.8%)3 (5.5%)128 (9.9%)
 Hypertension113 (45.4%)*2058 (53.0%)101 (49.5%)1416 (56.4%)29 (52.7%)602 (46.8%)
 COPD/Asthma41 (16.5%)753 (19.4%)38 (18.6%)551 (21.9%)13 (23.6%)316 (24.6%)
 Retinopathy0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
 Peripheral neuropathy0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
Lab values, mean (±SD)
 HbA1c (%)6.07 (0.66)***5.77 (0.24)6.27 (0.91)***5.7 (0.29)6.59 (0.46)***5.81 (0.24)
 Glucose (mg/dL)154.18 (75.88)***106.35 (20.0)129.84 (54.04)***98.34 (16.98)93.48 (59.04)***82.71 (41.78)
 HDL (mg/dL)44.38 (11.43)***50.53 (12.19)41.74 (10.17)***50.11 (12.33)45.05 (10.29)***50.99 (11.24)
 LDL (mg/dL)91.51 (32.89)**102.88 (32.29)95.71 (34.43)100.25 (31.53)111.0 (34.78)114.72 (31.11)
 CRP (mg/dL)18.8 (42.46)5.16 (7.91)5.73 (6.05)**2.93 (4.58)2.7 (0.0)1.82 (1.67)
 FER (ng/mL)435.22 (406.67)180.2 (231.83)317.89 (358.52)***140.57 (178.31)140.97 (102.1)90.83 (83.79)
 LDH (U/L)375.58 (242.51)*254.04 (92.06)244.3 (48.13)258.32 (95.18)182.0 (0.0)197.83 (42.68)
 BNP (pg/mL)708.88 (1140.4)1173.64 (2969.75)793.28 (1244.35)*387.38 (757.36)na200.7 (451.42)
 Cr (mg/dL)1.31 (0.65)***1.02 (0.4)1.14 (0.46)***0.94 (0.3)0.88 (0.17)0.87 (0.18)
 DDIM (μg/mL FEU)2.96 (5.92)3.54 (5.31)1.56 (1.14)1.71 (1.82)na0.3 (0.04)
 ALT (U/L)35.99 (38.34)**26.21 (26.41)26.51 (16.42)***21.78 (12.43)32.28 (19.0)***21.45 (9.38)
 Lymph (k/μL)1.75 (1.16)1.68 (0.79)1.85 (0.93)1.9 (0.79)2.36 (0.7)*2.1 (0.59)
 PLT (k/μL)221.51 (74.91)**236.48 (71.87)244.2 (75.64)244.33 (67.59)265.81 (65.73)262.19 (60.7)
 PT (s)14.81 (2.6)**14.19 (1.76)14.43 (1.76)14.43 (2.25)47.3 (0.0)*13.38 (1.0)
 WBC (k/μL)9.65 (5.26)***8.21 (3.63)8.86 (3.36)***7.02 (2.46)7.1 (1.92)*6.37 (1.63)
 TEMP (°F)98.09 (0.55)*98.17 (0.49)98.18 (0.57)98.17 (0.55)98.3 (0.63)98.2 (0.33)
 TNT (ng/mL)0.027 (0.034)*0.042 (0.162)0.048 (0.160)0.025 (0.040)na0.010 (0.0)
 SBP (mm Hg)137.14 (23.75)*132.57 (18.91)129.39 (19.58)130.1 (18.03)131.17 (26.79)130.6 (13.4)
 BUN (mg/dL)24.52 (13.89)***16.76 (7.42)18.96 (10.42)***15.28 (5.79)12.48 (4.15)*13.67 (3.79)
Outcomes, n (%)
IMV42 (16.9%)***42 (1.1%)19 (9.3%)***26 (1.0%)
In-hospital death26 (10.4%)***35 (0.9%)
In-hospital steroid usage59 (23.7%)***175 (4.5%)28 (13.7%)***133 (5.3%)0 (0.0%)7 (0.5%)
  • *P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 between diabetes and no diabetes within each group.

  • Laboratory data were obtained from hospitalization or initial outpatient visit.

  • ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DDIM, D-dimer; FER, ferritin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; I-DM, in-hospital diabetes mellitus; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lymph, lymphocyte count; na, not available; P-DM, persistent diabetes mellitus; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TEMP, temperature; TnT, troponin T; WBC, white blood cell.