Prediabetic | Hospitalized | Hospitalized at follow-up | ||||
COVID-19 (n=3102) | Non-COVID-19 (n=9306) | COVID-19 (n=1378) | Non-COVID-19 (n=4134) | COVID-19 (n=868) | Non-COVID-19 (n=2715) | |
Demographics, n (%) | ||||||
Age, mean years (±SD) | 56.8 (18.8) | 57.0 (18.1) | 63.8 (18.9) | 63.7 (17.9) | 62.1 (18.8)*** | 64.9 (16.9) |
Male | 1142 (36.8%) | 3436 (36.9%) | 586 (42.5%) | 1779 (43.0%) | 362 (41.7%) | 1144 (42.1%) |
Hispanic | 1292 (41.7%)*** | 3321 (35.7%) | 581 (42.2%)** | 1538 (37.2%) | 370 (42.6%)* | 1025 (37.8%) |
White | 265 (8.5%) | 834 (9.0%) | 155 (11.2%) | 495 (12.0%) | 95 (10.9%) | 295 (10.9%) |
Black | 1132 (36.5%) | 3324 (35.7%) | 499 (36.2%) | 1477 (35.7%) | 318 (36.6%) | 1001 (36.9%) |
Asian | 90 (2.9%) | 272 (2.9%) | 21 (1.5%)* | 107 (2.6%) | 14 (1.6%) | 73 (2.7%) |
Other | 323 (10.4%)*** | 1555 (16.7%) | 122 (8.9%)*** | 517 (12.5%) | 71 (8.2%)** | 321 (11.8%) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.19 (6.68)** | 29.74 (6.04) | 28.54 (6.68)* | 29.12 (6.1) | 27.41 (6.59)*** | 29.04 (6.6) |
CHF | 95 (3.1%) | 231 (2.5%) | 73 (5.3%) | 201 (4.9%) | 46 (5.3%) | 179 (6.6%) |
CKD | 327 (10.5%) | 957 (10.3%) | 220 (16.0%) | 655 (15.8%) | 143 (16.5%) | 505 (18.6%) |
Hypertension | 1418 (45.7%) | 4155 (44.6%) | 724 (52.5%) | 2171 (52.5%) | 459 (52.9%) | 1517 (55.9%) |
COPD/Asthma | 634 (20.4%) | 1946 (20.9%) | 263 (19.1%) | 794 (19.2%) | 181 (20.9%) | 589 (21.7%) |
Lab values, mean (±SD) | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (0.36)*** | 5.8 (0.26) | 5.69 (0.43)** | 5.76 (0.3) | 5.68 (0.51)* | 5.7 (0.36) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 112.15 (26.27)*** | 101.27 (39.51) | 115.89 (28.41)*** | 112.05 (32.28) | 100.81 (21.48) | 101.16 (20.76) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 48.85 (12.8)*** | 51.84 (12.54) | 47.84 (13.86)*** | 50.31 (12.28) | 46.45 (13.66)*** | 49.52 (12.36) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 102.53 (31.58)** | 105.77 (31.75) | 93.2 (31.06)*** | 102.28 (32.47) | 95.84 (33.7)* | 100.03 (31.91) |
CRP (mg/dL) | 6.08 (5.86)*** | 6.25 (11.78) | 6.48 (6.01)*** | 7.34 (12.82) | 4.31 (5.42) | 3.18 (4.81) |
FER (ng/mL) | 714.62 (870.51)*** | 152.11 (219.37) | 728.84 (885.21)*** | 208.53 (269.4) | 330.69 (534.26)** | 177.9 (265.52) |
LDH (U/L) | 322.21 (140.12)*** | 269.33 (139.39) | 329.54 (143.94)** | 277.19 (142.62) | 322.07 (176.08)** | 254.24 (85.03) |
BNP (pg/mL) | 411.8 (881.05)*** | 1178.87 (2877.01) | 459.38 (921.3)*** | 1187.72 (2891.42) | 374.12 (631.25) | 454.76 (870.78) |
Cr (mg/dL) | 1.13 (0.65)*** | 0.99 (0.38) | 1.2 (0.73)* | 1.06 (0.44) | 1.0 (0.52) | 0.96 (0.32) |
DDIM (μg/mL FEU) | 1.61 (1.63) | 50.1 (174.36) | 1.67 (1.67) | 50.1 (174.36) | 1.91 (2.08) | 10.0 (60.31) |
ALT (U/L) | 28.27 (19.43)*** | 26.45 (25.86) | 29.3 (20.71)*** | 27.93 (30.46) | 24.18 (18.59) | 22.1 (12.74) |
Lymph (k/μL) | 1.34 (0.81)*** | 1.82 (0.84) | 1.25 (0.75)*** | 1.69 (0.84) | 1.81 (0.97)*** | 1.9 (0.82) |
PLT (k/μL) | 221.08 (71.97)*** | 243.15 (71.54) | 214.09 (73.7)*** | 234.74 (72.53) | 249.91 (73.81)* | 244.57 (68.15) |
PT (s) | 14.19 (1.81) | 14.27 (1.87) | 14.37 (1.86) | 14.29 (1.88) | 14.54 (2.23) | 14.49 (2.28) |
WBC (k/μL) | 7.05 (3.23)*** | 7.81 (3.4) | 7.19 (3.25)*** | 8.39 (3.91) | 7.18 (2.73) | 7.16 (2.59) |
TEMP (°F) | 98.59 (0.79)*** | 98.16 (0.48) | 98.59 (0.82)*** | 98.16 (0.5) | 98.12 (0.48) | 98.17 (0.54) |
TnT (ng/mL) | 0.048 (0.210) | 0.042 (0.150) | 0.057 (0.233)** | 0.042 (0.151) | 0.045 (0.148) | 0.026 (0.046) |
SBP (mm Hg) | 130.54 (19.03) | 130.42 (17.51) | 129.83 (19.73)*** | 132.94 (19.43) | 130.99 (19.75) | 130.02 (18.22) |
BUN (mg/dL) | 18.63 (11.38)** | 16.32 (7.25) | 20.8 (13.06)*** | 17.66 (8.56) | 16.76 (8.73) | 15.52 (6.17) |
Outcomes, n (%) | ||||||
IMV | 161 (5.2%)*** | 85 (0.9%) | 152 (11.0%)*** | 84 (2.0%) | 54 (6.2%)*** | 45 (1.7%) |
In-hospital death | 158 (5.1%)*** | 62 (0.7%) | 151 (11.0%)*** | 61 (1.5%) | – | – |
In-hospital steroid usage | 337 (10.9%)*** | 261 (2.8%) | 289 (21.0%)*** | 234 (5.7%) | 180 (20.7%)*** | 161 (5.9%) |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 between patients with and without COVID-19 within each group.
Laboratory data were obtained at hospitalization.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DDIM, D-dimer; FER, ferritin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lymph, lymphocyte count; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TEMP, temperature; TnT, troponin T; WBC, white blood cell.