During hospitalization | At follow-up | Non-hospitalized at follow-up | ||||
I-DM (n=292, 21.19%) | Non-I-DM (n=1086) | P-DM (n=128, 14.75%) | Non-P-DM (n=740) | P-DM (n=39, 4.15%) | Non-P-DM (n=900) | |
Demographics, n (%) | ||||||
Age, mean years (±SD) | 66.0 (16.8) | 63.1 (19.4) | 61.7 (18.1) | 62.2 (18.8) | 56.4 (17.0) | 52.8 (15.9) |
Male | 134 (45.9%) | 452 (41.6%) | 57 (44.5%) | 305 (41.2%) | 14 (35.9%) | 275 (30.6%) |
Hispanic | 127 (43.5%) | 455 (41.9%) | 57 (44.5%) | 313 (42.3%) | 15 (38.5%) | 385 (42.8%) |
White | 29 (9.9%) | 126 (11.6%) | 12 (9.4%) | 83 (11.2%) | 1 (2.6%) | 71 (7.9%) |
Black | 101 (34.6%) | 397 (36.6%) | 48 (37.5%) | 269 (36.4%) | 16 (41.0%) | 319 (35.4%) |
Asian | 6 (2.1%) | 16 (1.5%) | 3 (2.3%) | 12 (1.6%) | 3 (7.7%) | 27 (3.0%) |
Other | 29 (9.9%) | 92 (8.5%) | 8 (6.2%) | 63 (8.5%) | 4 (10.3%) | 98 (10.9%) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 (7.52) | 28.3 (6.55) | 29.07 (6.65) | 27.04 (6.52) | 25.81 (3.0) | 30.28 (7.44) |
CHF | 17 (5.8%) | 56 (5.2%) | 6 (4.7%) | 40 (5.4%) | 1 (2.6%) | 20 (2.2%) |
CKD | 58 (19.9%)* | 162 (14.9%) | 21 (16.4%) | 126 (17.0%) | 2 (5.1%) | 78 (8.7%) |
Hypertension | 157 (53.8%) | 567 (52.2%) | 63 (49.2%) | 421 (56.9%) | 26 (66.7%)* | 411 (45.7%) |
COPD/Asthma | 53 (18.2%) | 210 (19.3%) | 27 (21.1%) | 164 (22.2%) | 9 (23.1%) | 208 (23.1%) |
Retinopathy | – | – | 1 (0.8%) | – | 0 (0.0%) | – |
Peripheral neuropathy | – | – | 2 (1.6%)* | – | 0 (0.0%) | – |
Lab values, mean (±SD) | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | 5.9 (0.58)*** | 5.68 (0.36) | 6.15 (0.78)*** | 5.65 (0.36) | 6.4 (1.05)*** | 5.68 (0.28) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 142.09 (51.54)*** | 109.58 (20.37) | 119.7 (44.06)*** | 96.99 (16.23) | 149.48 (78.96)*** | 94.77 (14.98) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 46.31 (14.81)** | 48.11 (13.71) | 40.19 (12.94)*** | 47.24 (13.73) | 37.79 (14.32) | 48.38 (11.29) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 82.64 (26.76) | 96.21 (32.08) | 88.68 (34.99) | 97.65 (33.13) | 111.96 (44.82)*** | 112.05 (30.12) |
CRP (mg/dL) | 8.65 (6.38)*** | 5.41 (5.34) | 7.85 (6.9)** | 2.89 (3.73) | 8.4 (7.68)** | 2.19 (2.6) |
FER (ng/mL) | 1023.64 (1072.69)*** | 623.87 (812.28) | 1017.36 (1398.92)*** | 176.81 (240.44) | 1535.73 (1937.81) | 125.13 (145.29) |
LDH (U/L) | 396.88 (199.97)*** | 307.51 (122.7) | 409.31 (228.46)** | 283.15 (129.0) | 259.33 (80.74) | 232.68 (77.67) |
BNP (pg/mL) | 613.89 (1090.68)* | 348.18 (695.61) | 406.79 (580.94) | 314.71 (541.2) | 129.5 (104.5) | 96.64 (192.36) |
Cr (mg/dL) | 1.6 (1.24)*** | 1.12 (0.6) | 1.25 (0.98)* | 0.96 (0.41) | 0.95 (0.3) | 0.86 (0.24) |
DDIM (μg/mL FEU) | 2.25 (2.42)*** | 1.51 (1.47) | 2.96 (2.72) | 1.33 (1.21) | 4.32 (3.78) | 1.33 (2.5) |
ALT (U/L) | 34.9 (24.5)*** | 26.81 (18.24) | 39.88 (46.09)*** | 21.36 (12.69) | 27.58 (15.76) | 22.63 (12.74) |
Lymph (k/μL) | 1.15 (0.71)* | 1.29 (0.75) | 1.55 (0.87)** | 1.85 (0.96) | 2.21 (0.83)* | 2.12 (0.83) |
PLT (k/μL) | 208.36 (87.21) | 215.97 (69.31) | 239.52 (103.72)** | 249.66 (69.4) | 261.39 (96.53) | 263.8 (62.35) |
PT (s) | 14.59 (1.93) | 14.29 (1.85) | 15.49 (2.65)*** | 14.37 (2.17) | 14.01 (1.35) | 13.34 (1.1) |
WBC (k/μL) | 7.96 (3.75)** | 6.89 (2.97) | 8.41 (4.14)** | 7.03 (2.51) | 8.39 (3.48)** | 6.99 (2.43) |
TEMP (°F) | 98.75 (0.86)** | 98.55 (0.8) | 98.21 (0.64) | 98.11 (0.46) | 98.15 (0.28) | 98.16 (0.43) |
TnT (ng/mL) | 0.133 (0.437)*** | 0.022 (0.026) | 0.20 (0.533)*** | 0.029 (0.079) | 0.021 (0.015)* | 0.013 (0.011) |
SBP (mm Hg) | 129.39 (20.8) | 129.98 (19.36) | 126.67 (17.25) | 131.29 (20.01) | 125.08 (14.25) | 129.6 (16.47) |
BUN (mg/dL) | 26.31 (18.27)*** | 18.65 (10.23) | 23.81 (18.99)*** | 15.73 (6.86) | 13.34 (4.99) | 13.4 (4.43) |
Outcomes, n (%) | ||||||
IMV | 102 (34.9%)*** | 50 (4.6%) | 29 (22.7%)*** | 25 (3.4%) | – | – |
In-hospital death | 85 (29.1%)*** | 66 (6.1%) | – | – | – | – |
In-hospital steroid usage | 122 (41.8%)*** | 214 (19.7%) | 44 (34.4%)** | 164 (22.2%) | 3 (7.7%) | 47 (5.2%) |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 between diabetes and no diabetes within each group.
Laboratory data were obtained from hospitalization or initial outpatient visit.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DDIM, D-dimer; FER, ferritin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; I-DM, in-hospital diabetes mellitus; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lymph, lymphocyte count; P-DM, persistent diabetes mellitus; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TEMP, temperature; TnT, troponin T; WBC, white blood cell.