Table 2

Characteristics of patients with COVID-19 with history of prediabetes during (A) hospitalization, (B) hospitalized patients at follow-up, and (C) non-hospitalized patients at follow-up

During hospitalizationAt follow-upNon-hospitalized at follow-up
I-DM (n=292, 21.19%)Non-I-DM (n=1086)P-DM (n=128, 14.75%)Non-P-DM (n=740)P-DM (n=39, 4.15%)Non-P-DM (n=900)
Demographics, n (%)
Age, mean years (±SD)66.0 (16.8)63.1 (19.4)61.7 (18.1)62.2 (18.8)56.4 (17.0)52.8 (15.9)
Male134 (45.9%)452 (41.6%)57 (44.5%)305 (41.2%)14 (35.9%)275 (30.6%)
 Hispanic127 (43.5%)455 (41.9%)57 (44.5%)313 (42.3%)15 (38.5%)385 (42.8%)
 White29 (9.9%)126 (11.6%)12 (9.4%)83 (11.2%)1 (2.6%)71 (7.9%)
 Black101 (34.6%)397 (36.6%)48 (37.5%)269 (36.4%)16 (41.0%)319 (35.4%)
 Asian6 (2.1%)16 (1.5%)3 (2.3%)12 (1.6%)3 (7.7%)27 (3.0%)
 Other29 (9.9%)92 (8.5%)8 (6.2%)63 (8.5%)4 (10.3%)98 (10.9%)
Comorbidities, n (%)
 BMI (kg/m2)29.8 (7.52)28.3 (6.55)29.07 (6.65)27.04 (6.52)25.81 (3.0)30.28 (7.44)
 CHF17 (5.8%)56 (5.2%)6 (4.7%)40 (5.4%)1 (2.6%)20 (2.2%)
 CKD58 (19.9%)*162 (14.9%)21 (16.4%)126 (17.0%)2 (5.1%)78 (8.7%)
 Hypertension157 (53.8%)567 (52.2%)63 (49.2%)421 (56.9%)26 (66.7%)*411 (45.7%)
 COPD/Asthma53 (18.2%)210 (19.3%)27 (21.1%)164 (22.2%)9 (23.1%)208 (23.1%)
 Retinopathy1 (0.8%)0 (0.0%)
 Peripheral neuropathy2 (1.6%)*0 (0.0%)
Lab values, mean (±SD)
 HbA1c (%)5.9 (0.58)***5.68 (0.36)6.15 (0.78)***5.65 (0.36)6.4 (1.05)***5.68 (0.28)
 Glucose (mg/dL)142.09 (51.54)***109.58 (20.37)119.7 (44.06)***96.99 (16.23)149.48 (78.96)***94.77 (14.98)
 HDL (mg/dL)46.31 (14.81)**48.11 (13.71)40.19 (12.94)***47.24 (13.73)37.79 (14.32)48.38 (11.29)
 LDL (mg/dL)82.64 (26.76)96.21 (32.08)88.68 (34.99)97.65 (33.13)111.96 (44.82)***112.05 (30.12)
 CRP (mg/dL)8.65 (6.38)***5.41 (5.34)7.85 (6.9)**2.89 (3.73)8.4 (7.68)**2.19 (2.6)
 FER (ng/mL)1023.64 (1072.69)***623.87 (812.28)1017.36 (1398.92)***176.81 (240.44)1535.73 (1937.81)125.13 (145.29)
 LDH (U/L)396.88 (199.97)***307.51 (122.7)409.31 (228.46)**283.15 (129.0)259.33 (80.74)232.68 (77.67)
 BNP (pg/mL)613.89 (1090.68)*348.18 (695.61)406.79 (580.94)314.71 (541.2)129.5 (104.5)96.64 (192.36)
 Cr (mg/dL)1.6 (1.24)***1.12 (0.6)1.25 (0.98)*0.96 (0.41)0.95 (0.3)0.86 (0.24)
 DDIM (μg/mL FEU)2.25 (2.42)***1.51 (1.47)2.96 (2.72)1.33 (1.21)4.32 (3.78)1.33 (2.5)
 ALT (U/L)34.9 (24.5)***26.81 (18.24)39.88 (46.09)***21.36 (12.69)27.58 (15.76)22.63 (12.74)
 Lymph (k/μL)1.15 (0.71)*1.29 (0.75)1.55 (0.87)**1.85 (0.96)2.21 (0.83)*2.12 (0.83)
 PLT (k/μL)208.36 (87.21)215.97 (69.31)239.52 (103.72)**249.66 (69.4)261.39 (96.53)263.8 (62.35)
 PT (s)14.59 (1.93)14.29 (1.85)15.49 (2.65)***14.37 (2.17)14.01 (1.35)13.34 (1.1)
 WBC (k/μL)7.96 (3.75)**6.89 (2.97)8.41 (4.14)**7.03 (2.51)8.39 (3.48)**6.99 (2.43)
 TEMP (°F)98.75 (0.86)**98.55 (0.8)98.21 (0.64)98.11 (0.46)98.15 (0.28)98.16 (0.43)
 TnT (ng/mL)0.133 (0.437)***0.022 (0.026)0.20 (0.533)***0.029 (0.079)0.021 (0.015)*0.013 (0.011)
 SBP (mm Hg)129.39 (20.8)129.98 (19.36)126.67 (17.25)131.29 (20.01)125.08 (14.25)129.6 (16.47)
 BUN (mg/dL)26.31 (18.27)***18.65 (10.23)23.81 (18.99)***15.73 (6.86)13.34 (4.99)13.4 (4.43)
Outcomes, n (%)
IMV102 (34.9%)***50 (4.6%)29 (22.7%)***25 (3.4%)
In-hospital death85 (29.1%)***66 (6.1%)
In-hospital steroid usage122 (41.8%)***214 (19.7%)44 (34.4%)**164 (22.2%)3 (7.7%)47 (5.2%)
  • *P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 between diabetes and no diabetes within each group.

  • Laboratory data were obtained from hospitalization or initial outpatient visit.

  • ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DDIM, D-dimer; FER, ferritin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; I-DM, in-hospital diabetes mellitus; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lymph, lymphocyte count; P-DM, persistent diabetes mellitus; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TEMP, temperature; TnT, troponin T; WBC, white blood cell.