Table 4

Characteristics of patients with prediabetes with (A) I-DM during hospitalization, (B) hospitalized patients with P-DM at follow-up, and (C) non-hospitalized patients at P-DM follow-up

I-DM during hospitalizationP-DM at follow-upP-DM non-hospitalized at follow-up
COVID-19
(n=292, 21.19%)
Non-COVID-19
(n=249, 6.02%)
COVID-19
(n=128, 14.75%)
Non-COVID-19
(n=204, 7.51%)
COVID-19
(n=39, 4.15%)
Non-COVID-19
(n=55, 4.10%)
Demographics, n (%)
Age, mean years (±SD)66.0 (16.8)*67.8 (17.9)61.7 (18.1)*65.6 (17.3)56.4 (17.0)54.9 (10.2)
Male134 (45.9%)*139 (55.8%)57 (44.5%)110 (53.9%)14 (35.9%)20 (36.4%)
 Hispanic127 (43.5%)*82 (32.9%)57 (44.5%)71 (34.8%)15 (38.5%)22 (40.0%)
 White29 (9.9%)*43 (17.3%)12 (9.4%)22 (10.8%)1 (2.6%)4 (7.3%)
 Black101 (34.6%)79 (31.7%)48 (37.5%)74 (36.3%)16 (41.0%)13 (23.6%)
 Asian6 (2.1%)9 (3.6%)3 (2.3%)9 (4.4%)3 (7.7%)2 (3.6%)
 Other29 (9.9%)36 (14.5%)8 (6.2%)*28 (13.7%)4 (10.3%)14 (25.5%)
Comorbidities, n (%)
 BMI (kg/m2)29.8 (7.52)29.02 (6.7)29.07 (6.65)30.71 (8.01)25.81 (3.0)*31.1 (14.3)
 CHF17 (5.8%)21 (8.4%)6 (4.7%)22 (10.8%)1 (2.6%)0 (0.0%)
 CKD58 (19.9%)*33 (13.3%)21 (16.4%)32 (15.7%)2 (5.1%)3 (5.5%)
 Hypertension157 (53.8%)113 (45.4%)63 (49.2%)101 (49.5%)26 (66.7%)29 (52.7%)
 COPD/Asthma53 (18.2%)41 (16.5%)27 (21.1%)38 (18.6%)9 (23.1%)13 (23.6%)
 Retinopathy1 (0.8%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
 Peripheral neuropathy2 (1.6%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
Lab values, mean (±SD)
 HbA1c (%)5.9 (0.58)6.07 (0.66)6.15 (0.78)6.27 (0.91)6.4 (1.05)6.59 (0.46)
 Glucose (mg/dL)142.09 (51.54)154.18 (75.88)119.7 (44.06)*129.84 (54.04)149.48 (78.96)*93.48 (59.04)
 HDL (mg/dL)46.31 (14.81)44.38 (11.43)40.19 (12.94)41.74 (10.17)37.79 (14.32)*45.05 (10.29)
 LDL (mg/dL)82.64 (26.76)91.51 (32.89)88.68 (34.99)95.71 (34.43)111.96 (44.82)111.0 (34.78)
 CRP (mg/dL)8.65 (6.38)18.8 (42.46)7.85 (6.9)5.73 (6.05)8.4 (7.68)2.7 (0.0)
 FER (ng/mL)1023.64 (1072.69)*435.22 (406.67)1017.36 (1398.92)*317.89 (358.52)1535.73 (1937.81)140.97 (102.1)
 LDH (U/L)396.88 (199.97)375.58 (242.51)409.31 (228.46)*244.3 (48.13)259.33 (80.74)182.0 (0.0)
 BNP (pg/mL)613.89 (1090.68)708.88 (1140.4)406.79 (580.94)793.28 (1244.35)129.5 (104.5)na
 Cr (mg/dL)1.6 (1.24)1.31 (0.65)1.25 (0.98)*1.14 (0.46)0.95 (0.3)0.88 (0.17)
 DDIM (μg/mL FEU)2.25 (2.42)2.96 (5.92)2.96 (2.72)1.56 (1.14)4.32 (3.78)na
 ALT (U/L)34.9 (24.5)*35.99 (38.34)39.88 (46.09)*26.51 (16.42)27.58 (15.76)32.28 (19.0)
 Lymph (k/μL)1.15 (0.71)***1.75 (1.16)1.55 (0.87)**1.85 (0.93)2.21 (0.83)2.36 (0.7)
 PLT (k/μL)208.36 (87.21)221.51 (74.91)239.52 (103.72)244.2 (75.64)261.39 (96.53)265.81 (65.73)
 PT (s)14.59 (1.93)14.81 (2.6)15.49 (2.65)**14.43 (1.76)14.01 (1.35)47.3 (0.0)
 WBC (k/μL)7.96 (3.75)***9.65 (5.26)8.41 (4.14)8.86 (3.36)8.39 (3.48)7.1 (1.92)
 TEMP (°F)98.75 (0.86)***98.09 (0.55)98.21 (0.64)98.18 (0.57)98.15 (0.28)98.3 (0.63)
 TnT (ng/mL)0.133 (0.437)*0.027 (0.034)0.20 (0.533)*0.048 (0.160)0.021 (0.015)na
 SBP (mm Hg)129.39 (20.8)**137.14 (23.75)126.67 (17.25)129.39 (19.58)125.08 (14.25)131.17 (26.79)
 BUN (mg/dL)26.31 (18.27)24.52 (13.89)23.81 (18.99)18.96 (10.42)13.34 (4.99)12.48 (4.15)
Outcomes, n (%)
IMV102 (34.9%)***42 (16.9%)29 (22.7%)**19 (9.3%)
In-hospital death85 (29.1%)***26 (10.4%)
In-hospital steroid usage122 (41.8%)***59 (23.7%)44 (34.4%)***28 (13.7%)3 (7.7%)0 (0.0%)
  • *P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 between patients with and without COVID-19 within each group.

  • Laboratory data were obtained from hospitalization or initial outpatient visit.

  • ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DDIM, D-dimer; FER, ferritin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; I-DM, in-hospital diabetes mellitus; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lymph, lymphocyte count; na, not available; P-DM, persistent diabetes mellitus; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TEMP, temperature; TnT, troponin T; WBC, white blood cell.