I-DM during hospitalization | P-DM at follow-up | P-DM non-hospitalized at follow-up | ||||
COVID-19 (n=292, 21.19%) | Non-COVID-19 (n=249, 6.02%) | COVID-19 (n=128, 14.75%) | Non-COVID-19 (n=204, 7.51%) | COVID-19 (n=39, 4.15%) | Non-COVID-19 (n=55, 4.10%) | |
Demographics, n (%) | ||||||
Age, mean years (±SD) | 66.0 (16.8)* | 67.8 (17.9) | 61.7 (18.1)* | 65.6 (17.3) | 56.4 (17.0) | 54.9 (10.2) |
Male | 134 (45.9%)* | 139 (55.8%) | 57 (44.5%) | 110 (53.9%) | 14 (35.9%) | 20 (36.4%) |
Hispanic | 127 (43.5%)* | 82 (32.9%) | 57 (44.5%) | 71 (34.8%) | 15 (38.5%) | 22 (40.0%) |
White | 29 (9.9%)* | 43 (17.3%) | 12 (9.4%) | 22 (10.8%) | 1 (2.6%) | 4 (7.3%) |
Black | 101 (34.6%) | 79 (31.7%) | 48 (37.5%) | 74 (36.3%) | 16 (41.0%) | 13 (23.6%) |
Asian | 6 (2.1%) | 9 (3.6%) | 3 (2.3%) | 9 (4.4%) | 3 (7.7%) | 2 (3.6%) |
Other | 29 (9.9%) | 36 (14.5%) | 8 (6.2%)* | 28 (13.7%) | 4 (10.3%) | 14 (25.5%) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 (7.52) | 29.02 (6.7) | 29.07 (6.65) | 30.71 (8.01) | 25.81 (3.0)* | 31.1 (14.3) |
CHF | 17 (5.8%) | 21 (8.4%) | 6 (4.7%) | 22 (10.8%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
CKD | 58 (19.9%)* | 33 (13.3%) | 21 (16.4%) | 32 (15.7%) | 2 (5.1%) | 3 (5.5%) |
Hypertension | 157 (53.8%) | 113 (45.4%) | 63 (49.2%) | 101 (49.5%) | 26 (66.7%) | 29 (52.7%) |
COPD/Asthma | 53 (18.2%) | 41 (16.5%) | 27 (21.1%) | 38 (18.6%) | 9 (23.1%) | 13 (23.6%) |
Retinopathy | – | – | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Peripheral neuropathy | – | – | 2 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Lab values, mean (±SD) | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | 5.9 (0.58) | 6.07 (0.66) | 6.15 (0.78) | 6.27 (0.91) | 6.4 (1.05) | 6.59 (0.46) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 142.09 (51.54) | 154.18 (75.88) | 119.7 (44.06)* | 129.84 (54.04) | 149.48 (78.96)* | 93.48 (59.04) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 46.31 (14.81) | 44.38 (11.43) | 40.19 (12.94) | 41.74 (10.17) | 37.79 (14.32)* | 45.05 (10.29) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 82.64 (26.76) | 91.51 (32.89) | 88.68 (34.99) | 95.71 (34.43) | 111.96 (44.82) | 111.0 (34.78) |
CRP (mg/dL) | 8.65 (6.38) | 18.8 (42.46) | 7.85 (6.9) | 5.73 (6.05) | 8.4 (7.68) | 2.7 (0.0) |
FER (ng/mL) | 1023.64 (1072.69)* | 435.22 (406.67) | 1017.36 (1398.92)* | 317.89 (358.52) | 1535.73 (1937.81) | 140.97 (102.1) |
LDH (U/L) | 396.88 (199.97) | 375.58 (242.51) | 409.31 (228.46)* | 244.3 (48.13) | 259.33 (80.74) | 182.0 (0.0) |
BNP (pg/mL) | 613.89 (1090.68) | 708.88 (1140.4) | 406.79 (580.94) | 793.28 (1244.35) | 129.5 (104.5) | na |
Cr (mg/dL) | 1.6 (1.24) | 1.31 (0.65) | 1.25 (0.98)* | 1.14 (0.46) | 0.95 (0.3) | 0.88 (0.17) |
DDIM (μg/mL FEU) | 2.25 (2.42) | 2.96 (5.92) | 2.96 (2.72) | 1.56 (1.14) | 4.32 (3.78) | na |
ALT (U/L) | 34.9 (24.5)* | 35.99 (38.34) | 39.88 (46.09)* | 26.51 (16.42) | 27.58 (15.76) | 32.28 (19.0) |
Lymph (k/μL) | 1.15 (0.71)*** | 1.75 (1.16) | 1.55 (0.87)** | 1.85 (0.93) | 2.21 (0.83) | 2.36 (0.7) |
PLT (k/μL) | 208.36 (87.21) | 221.51 (74.91) | 239.52 (103.72) | 244.2 (75.64) | 261.39 (96.53) | 265.81 (65.73) |
PT (s) | 14.59 (1.93) | 14.81 (2.6) | 15.49 (2.65)** | 14.43 (1.76) | 14.01 (1.35) | 47.3 (0.0) |
WBC (k/μL) | 7.96 (3.75)*** | 9.65 (5.26) | 8.41 (4.14) | 8.86 (3.36) | 8.39 (3.48) | 7.1 (1.92) |
TEMP (°F) | 98.75 (0.86)*** | 98.09 (0.55) | 98.21 (0.64) | 98.18 (0.57) | 98.15 (0.28) | 98.3 (0.63) |
TnT (ng/mL) | 0.133 (0.437)* | 0.027 (0.034) | 0.20 (0.533)* | 0.048 (0.160) | 0.021 (0.015) | na |
SBP (mm Hg) | 129.39 (20.8)** | 137.14 (23.75) | 126.67 (17.25) | 129.39 (19.58) | 125.08 (14.25) | 131.17 (26.79) |
BUN (mg/dL) | 26.31 (18.27) | 24.52 (13.89) | 23.81 (18.99) | 18.96 (10.42) | 13.34 (4.99) | 12.48 (4.15) |
Outcomes, n (%) | ||||||
IMV | 102 (34.9%)*** | 42 (16.9%) | 29 (22.7%)** | 19 (9.3%) | – | – |
In-hospital death | 85 (29.1%)*** | 26 (10.4%) | – | – | – | – |
In-hospital steroid usage | 122 (41.8%)*** | 59 (23.7%) | 44 (34.4%)*** | 28 (13.7%) | 3 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 between patients with and without COVID-19 within each group.
Laboratory data were obtained from hospitalization or initial outpatient visit.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DDIM, D-dimer; FER, ferritin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; I-DM, in-hospital diabetes mellitus; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lymph, lymphocyte count; na, not available; P-DM, persistent diabetes mellitus; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TEMP, temperature; TnT, troponin T; WBC, white blood cell.