Table 1

MR analysis results of type 1 diabetes and COVID-19 infection and prognosis

Exposure	Outcome	Significance level of the selected IVs	nSNP	β	SE	P value	P-adjusted
Type 1 diabetes (from Crouch et al22)	COVID-19 positive	p≤5×10⁻⁸	124	0.004	0.005	0.433	0.470
	Hospitalized COVID-19	p≤5×10⁻⁸	123	0.010	0.013	0.417	0.470
	Severe COVID-19	p≤5×10⁻⁸	123	0.071	0.019	2.11×10⁻⁴	1.15×10⁻³
	COVID-19 death	p≤5×10⁻⁸	123	0.072	0.020	3.83×10⁻⁴	1.15×10⁻³
	Recovery time with colchicine treatment	p≤5×10⁻⁸	72	−0.023	0.032	0.470	0.470
	Recovery time with placebo treatment	p≤5×10⁻⁸	73	0.025	0.033	0.443	0.470
Type 1 diabetes (from Cooper et al23)	COVID-19 positive	p≤5×10⁻⁸	83	−0.001	0.004	0.772	0.772
	Hospitalized COVID-19	p≤5×10⁻⁸	83	0.009	0.008	0.264	0.396
	Severe COVID-19	p≤5×10⁻⁸	83	0.053	0.013	2.66×10⁻⁵	1.59×10⁻⁴
	COVID-19 death	p≤5×10⁻⁸	83	0.052	0.013	1.17×10⁻⁴	3.50×10⁻⁴
	Recovery time with colchicine treatment	p≤5×10⁻⁸	46	−0.017	0.024	0.461	0.554
	Recovery time with placebo treatment	p≤5×10⁻⁸	45	−0.032	0.022	0.141	0.283

nSNP is the number of SNPs used as IVs; β is the estimated effect coefficient; SE is the standard error of β; p-adjusted is the p value that has been corrected by false discovery rate.
P_FDR<0.05 is marked in bold.
IVs, instrumental variables; MR, Mendelian randomization; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.