Logistic GEE regression comparing odds of meeting annual diabetes care guidelines in pre versus during pandemic period among KPGA adult members with prevalent diabetes, 2018–2021, stratified by age, sex, and race
| % meeting annual guidelines | ||||
| Diabetes care process | Prepandemic (2018–2019) | During pandemic (2020–2021) | Absolute change (during vs pre) | OR (95% CI)* |
| By age | ||||
| <50 years | ||||
| HbA1c | 64.2 | 60.5 | −3.7 | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) |
| Blood pressure | 88.6 | 73.4 | −15.2 | 0.30 (0.27, 0.34) |
| Cholesterol | 30.8 | 21.8 | −9.0 | 0.63 (0.57, 0.68) |
| Creatinine | 57.9 | 59.4 | 1.5 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) |
| UACR | 24.7 | 21.1 | −3.6 | 0.82 (0.74, 0.89) |
| Eye examination | 2.6 | 2.4 | −0.2 | 0.93 (0.73, 1.19) |
| Foot examination | 0.3 | 0.2 | −0.1 | 0.56 (0.25, 1.27) |
| ≥50 years | ||||
| HbA1c | 83.2 | 79.3 | −3.9 | 0.79 (0.74, 0.83) |
| Blood pressure | 94.9 | 84.9 | −10.0 | 0.33 (0.30, 0.36) |
| Cholesterol | 41.0 | 32.2 | −8.8 | 0.68 (0.66, 0.71) |
| Creatinine | 82.6 | 79.8 | −2.8 | 0.83 (0.79, 0.88) |
| UACR | 38.3 | 34.5 | −3.8 | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) |
| Eye exam | 17.6 | 13.5 | −4.1 | 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) |
| Foot examination | 3.4 | 2.4 | −1.0 | 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) |
| By sex | ||||
| Women | ||||
| HbA1c | 77.3 | 73.4 | −3.9 | 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) |
| Blood pressure | 94.9 | 84.1 | −10.8 | 0.28 (0.25, 0.30) |
| Cholesterol | 37.2 | 28.5 | −8.7 | 0.67 (0.64, 0.71) |
| Creatinine | 77.0 | 74.1 | −2.9 | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) |
| UACR | 31.6 | 28.1 | −3.5 | 0.84 (0.80, 0.89) |
| Eye examination | 14.1 | 11.1 | −3.0 | 0.74 (0.69, 0.80) |
| Foot examination | 2.3 | 1.5 | −0.8 | 0.62 (0.52, 0.75) |
| Men | ||||
| HbA1c | 81.0 | 77.2 | −3.8 | 0.79 (0.74, 0.85) |
| Blood pressure | 91.7 | 80.0 | −11.7 | 0.34 (0.32, 0.38) |
| Cholesterol | 40.6 | 31.6 | −9.0 | 0.67 (0.64, 0.71) |
| Creatinine | 77.3 | 76.6 | −0.7 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) |
| UACR | 39.8 | 35.8 | −4.0 | 0.84 (0.80, 0.89) |
| Eye examination | 14.5 | 10.9 | −3.6 | 0.70 (0.64, 0.76) |
| Foot examination | 3.3 | 2.4 | −0.9 | 0.72 (0.61, 0.85) |
| By race | ||||
| White | ||||
| HbA1c | 78.2 | 75.1 | −3.1 | 0.83 (0.77, 0.90) |
| Blood pressure | 94.2 | 83.7 | −10.5 | 0.30 (0.27, 0.34) |
| Cholesterol | 43.2 | 33.7 | −9.5 | 0.68 (0.64, 0.71) |
| Creatinine | 79.2 | 77.0 | −2.2 | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) |
| UACR | 34.1 | 29.4 | −4.7 | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) |
| Eye examination | 16.0 | 12.5 | −3.5 | 0.73 (0.66, 0.81) |
| Foot examination | 2.3 | 2.1 | −0.2 | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) |
| Black | ||||
| HbA1c | 79.3 | 75.1 | −4.2 | 0.78 (0.73, 0.83) |
| Blood pressure | 93.5 | 82.6 | −10.9 | 0.32 (0.30, 0.35) |
| Cholesterol | 34.4 | 26.2 | −8.2 | 0.67 (0.62, 0.71) |
| Creatinine | 76.5 | 74.8 | −1.7 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.96) |
| UACR | 36.3 | 33.2 | −3.1 | 0.80 (0.75, 0.86) |
| Eye examination | 13.6 | 10.5 | −3.1 | 0.72 (0.67, 0.78) |
| Foot examination | 3.3 | 2.0 | −1.3 | 0.60 (0.52, 0.70) |
| Other | ||||
| HbA1c | 79.3 | 75.2 | −4.1 | 0.78 (0.68, 0.90) |
| Blood pressure | 90.9 | 76.0 | −14.9 | 0.31 (0.26, 0.37) |
| Cholesterol | 48.9 | 38.7 | −10.2 | 0.66 (0.58, 0.74) |
| Creatinine | 73.7 | 72.3 | −1.4 | 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) |
| UACR | 33.4 | 28.5 | −4.9 | 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) |
| Eye examination | 12.5 | 9.1 | −3.4 | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) |
| Foot examination | 1.1 | 0.5 | −0.6 | 0.45 (0.22, 0.93) |
*Compares during versus pre period, adjusted for baseline age.
GEE, generalized estimating equation; KPGA, Kaiser Permanente Georgia; UACR, urine-albumin-creatinine ratio.