Table 3

ORs* of type 2 diabetes for ethnicity, socioeconomic, and biological risk factors

	Age, ethnicity, and sex-adjusted				Multivariable-adjusted†
	OR	95% CI		P value	OR	95% CI		P value
Ethnicity
Chinese	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	<0.001	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	0.008
Malays	2.08	1.69	2.56		1.17	0.89	1.54
Indians	2.22	1.80	2.74		1.51	1.16	1.96
Education level
Primary or less	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	0.039	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	0.256
Lower secondary	1.00	0.82	1.22		1.17	0.92	1.50
Higher secondary	0.71	0.52	0.96		0.87	0.59	1.30
College	0.74	0.52	1.06		1.16	0.74	1.82
Household income (SGD/month)
<$2000	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	0.282	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	0.645
$2000–$3999	0.91	0.72	1.16		0.88	0.68	1.14
$4000–$5999	0.85	0.65	1.12		0.99	0.73	1.33
>$6000	0.61	0.44	0.83		0.84	0.59	1.21
BMI	1.83	1.69	2.00	<0.001	1.81	1.65	2.00	<0.001
BMI-adjusted waist	1.40	1.26	1.56	<0.001	1.50	1.32	1.70	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure	1.49	1.37	1.63	<0.001	1.32	1.19	1.47	<0.001
HOMA-IR	1.49	1.36	1.63	<0.001	1.22	1.12	1.33	<0.001
HOMA-B	0.89	0.78	1.02	0.104	0.82	0.70	0.97	<0.001
Adiponectin	0.52	0.46	0.58	<0.001	0.53	0.46	0.61	<0.001
C reactive protein	1.25	1.18	1.33	<0.001	1.13	1.05	1.23	<0.001
Triglycerides	1.47	1.37	1.58	<0.001	1.32	1.22	1.43	<0.001
HDL-cholesterol	0.63	0.56	0.70	<0.001	0.78	0.68	0.89	<0.001

*Estimates are ORs (95% CIs) per SD increase for the continuous variables.
†Further adjusted for education level (four categories), household income (four categories), cigarette smoking, physical activity, and BMI. For HOMA-B, models 1 and 2 also included HOMA-IR.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-B and HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function and insulin resistance, respectively; Ref., reference; SGD, Singapore dollar.