Ethnic differences in biological risk factors for diabetes after age and sex or multivariable (age, sex, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors and BMI)* adjustment
| Chinese | Malay | Indian | P value† | |||||||
| Adjusted mean | 95% CI | Adjusted mean | 95% CI | Adjusted mean | 95% CI | |||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 79.6 | 79.2 | 79.9 | 85.2 | 84.7 | 85.6 | 87.0 | 86.5 | 87.4 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 82.6 | 82.4 | 82.9 | 82.0 | 81.6 | 82.3 | 84.4 | 84.1 | 84.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 123.4 | 122.8 | 123.9 | 126.0 | 125.3 | 126.8 | 121.2 | 120.4 | 122.0 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 123.9 | 123.2 | 124.5 | 123.0 | 122.1 | 123.8 | 118.9 | 118.1 | 119.7 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 1.34 | 1.29 | 1.40 | 1.63 | 1.55 | 1.71 | 1.97 | 1.88 | 2.05 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 1.58 | 1.52 | 1.65 | 1.40 | 1.32 | 1.49 | 1.78 | 1.70 | 1.87 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-B‡ | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 116.2 | 112.5 | 120.0 | 123.1 | 117.3 | 128.8 | 132.4 | 126.5 | 138.3 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 127.9 | 123.8 | 132.0 | 115.0 | 109.2 | 120.8 | 111.4 | 105.7 | 117.0 | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 5.56 | 5.44 | 5.67 | 6.92 | 6.77 | 7.08 | 6.54 | 6.37 | 6.70 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 5.55 | 5.40 | 5.70 | 7.35 | 7.17 | 7.54 | 6.88 | 6.70 | 7.06 | <0.001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 1.75 | 1.61 | 1.89 | 2.96 | 2.77 | 3.15 | 3.86 | 3.66 | 4.05 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 2.22 | 2.06 | 2.39 | 2.46 | 2.25 | 2.66 | 3.46 | 3.26 | 3.66 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.21 | 1.35 | 1.32 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 1.32 | 1.39 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 1.28 | 1.25 | 1.31 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 0.27 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||||||
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.45 | 1.25 | 1.23 | 1.26 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.13 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.40 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 1.29 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.15 | <0.001 |
Values are adjusted means (95% CIs).
*Adjusted for age, sex, education level, household income, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and BMI.
†P values are based on F-tests from analysis of covariance.
‡HOMA-B analyses were additionally adjusted for HOMA-IR.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-B and HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function and insulin resistance, respectively.