Characteristics of participants with diabetes, prediabetes, and no diabetes
| N (%) | Diabetes | Prediabetes | No diabetes | P value |
| 181 (5.7) | 568 (18.0) | 2408 (76.3) | ||
| Marital status | 0.294 | |||
| Married/living with partner | 136 (79.1) | 421 (78.2) | 1853 (81.4) | |
| Living alone | 36 (20.9) | 118 (21.8) | 423 (18.6) | |
| Educational level | 0.060 | |||
| Primary or lower secondary | 31 (17.8) | 42 (7.9) | 182 (8.0) | |
| Upper secondary or vocational | 105 (60.7) | 331 (61.6) | 1286 (56.3) | |
| Higher | 33 (19.2) | 144 (26.7) | 701 (30.7) | |
| Other | 4 (2.3) | 20 (3.8) | 114 (5.0) | |
| Occupational status | <0.001* | |||
| Employed | 74 (43.9) | 326 (62.1) | 1313 (58.4) | |
| Unemployed | 2 (1.1) | 9 (1.7) | 29 (1.3) | |
| Absent (sick leave) | 25 (14.6) | 34 6.4) | 90 (4.0) | |
| Retired | 56 (33.2) | 145 (27.5) | 724 (32.2) | |
| Student | 12 (7.3) | 1 (0.1) | 74 (3.3) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 11 (2.1) | 17 (0.7) | |
| BMI categories | <0.001* | |||
| Underweight /Normal | 35 (20.2) | 143 (26.0) | 961 (40.6) | |
| Overweight | 49 (28.2) | 189 (34.3) | 919 (38.8) | |
| Obese class I (BMI ≥30–<35) | 59 (34.4) | 148 (26.8) | 351 (14.8) | |
| Obese class II (BMI ≥35–<40) | 23 (13.4) | 50 (9.1) | 103 (4.4) | |
| Obese class III (BMI ≥40) | 7 (3.8) | 21 (3.8) | 34 (1.4) | |
| Comorbidities | <0.001* | |||
| No comorbidities | 55 (30.2) | 181 (31.9) | 818 (34.0) | |
| One comorbidity | 51 (28.2) | 160 (28.1) | 789 (32.8) | |
| Two comorbidities | 38 (21.0) | 131 (23.1) | 509 (21.1) | |
| Three or more comorbidities | 37 (20.6) | 96 (16.8) | 292 (12.1) | |
| Perceived stress | 0.696 | |||
| Low perceived stress | 15 (9.1) | 42 (8.2) | 163 (7.4) | |
| Moderate perceived stress | 147 (89.5) | 463 (90.2) | 1994 (90.6) | |
| High perceived stress | 2 (1.4) | 8 (1.6) | 44 (2.0) | |
| Mental well-being | 0.001* | |||
| Moderate to high mental well-being | 135 (81.8) | 415 (80.2) | 1927 (86.0) | |
| Low mental well-being | 30 (18.2) | 102 (19.8) | 313 (14.0) | |
| Suffers from chronic pain | 65 (37.5) | 185 (34.5) | 648 (28.4) | <0.001* |
| Use of medication | ||||
| Insulin | 58 (33.8) | – | – | – |
| Other diabetes medication | 81 (47.4) | – | – | – |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication | 74 (43.1) | 99 (18.9) | 225 (10.0) | <0.001* |
| Diuretics | 40 (23.6) | 40 (7.8) | 150 (6.7) | <0.001* |
| HbA1c level | 54.1 (1.45) | 40.7 (0.08) | 34.3 (0.05) | <0.001* |
| Controlled glycemic level (HbA1c level <53 mmol/mol) | 102 (56.6) | – | – | – |
| Median number of valid days with accelerometer measurement | 6 (6–7) | 6 (6–7) | 6 (6–7) | 0.074 |
Categorical data are presented as n and proportion (%) with standardization on age and sex. Continuous data are presented with mean and SE due to standardization on age and sex (entropy balancing with the distribution of age and sex in the total sample as the reference). Wald test was used to joint test coefficients for categories of diabetes. The null hypothesis for the Wald test in this context is that all coefficients associated with diabetes status are simultaneously zero, implying no effect of diabetes status on the outcome of interest after adjusting for age and sex. Significant results (p<0.05) are marked with*.
n varies due to variations in complete responses for each variable.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.