Table 3

Characteristics of women participating in the baseline examinations of the Face-it trial compared with non-participants of the Face-it trial and the general populations of women with GDM delivering in Denmark

Women attending baseline examinations in the Face-it trialWomen who declined to participate or withdrew before baseline in the Face-it trialWomen with GDM delivering in Denmark: 2019–2021*Women with GDM delivering in Denmark: 2004–2015†
n=285n=314P valuen=10 725P valuen=18 795P value
Born outside of Denmark, n (%)61 (21.6)4328 (23.0)0.550
 Missing2
Age (years at delivery), n (%)
 <3089 (31.4)95 (31.5)0.7883490 (32.5)0.793
 30–34103 (37.3)116 (38.4)4015 (37.4)
 35–3969 (22.5)63 (20.9)2440 (22.8)
 40+24 (8.9)28 (9.3)780
(7.3)
 Missing12
Age (years at delivery), mean (±SD)32.4 (±4.8)32.2 (±4.8)0.47932.0 (±5.1)0.164
 Missing12
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n (%)
 ≤24.9105 (37.2)105 (35.0)0.0173325 (32.6)0.0055306 (30.4)<0.001
 25–29.9102 (36.2)84 (28.0)3195 (31.4)5336 (30.5)
 ≥3075 (26.6)111 (37.0)3670 (36.0)6839 (39.1)
 Missing3145351314
Primiparous women, n (%)159 (55.8)124 (41.1)<0.0014735 (44.2)<0.0017518 (40.6)<0.001
 Missing12268
Diagnosis during pregnancy, n (%)
 Pre-eclampsia14 (4.9)16 (5.1)0.918939 (5.0)0.841
 Gestational hypertension15 (5.3)14 (4.5)0.648
Singleton delivery, n (%)282 (98.9)289 (95.7)0.01310 150 (94.6)<0.001
 Missing12
Preterm delivery, n (%)11 (3.9)16 (5.3)0.403990 (9.2)<0.0011413 (7.5)0.002
 Missing1215
Mode of delivery, n (%)
 Vaginal delivery211 (74.0)224 (74.2)0.7347595 (70.9)0.41213 027 (69.5)0.231
 Planned cesarean section36 (12.6)33 (10.9)1385 (12.9)2624 (14.0)
 Emergency cesarean section38 (13.3)45 (14.9)1730 (16.2)3095 (16.5)
 Missing121549
Gestational weeks at GDM diagnosis (weeks), mean (±SD)27.4 (±5.4)26.9 (±5.1)0.243
 Missing512
Latest measured HbA1c during pregnancy (mmol/mol), mean (±SD)35.5 (±4.5)35.7 (±5.3)0.621
 Missing216
Insulin treatment during pregnancy, n (%)66 (23.2)75 (24.8)0.634
 Missing12
  • Data not available are marked with “–“. Risk differences, Student’s t-test, and χ2 test were used to compare the characteristics of the Face-it population with the remaining study populations, respectively.

  • *Danish Medical Birth Registry.22

  • †Kragelund Nielsen et al.32

  • BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.