Table 2

Annual medical expenditure (2020 US$) and average HbA1c values before and after the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes estimated from the panel linear regression with fixed effects

	Total medical expenditure, 2020 US$ (n=83 526)			Average HbA1c, mmol/mol (n=34 533)
Variable	Coefficient	SE	P value	Coefficient	SE	P value
Time
−10	−$8644	$674	<0.0001	−12.18	1.17	<0.0001
−9	−$8509	$584	<0.0001	−7.64	0.98	<0.0001
−8	−$8461	$524	<0.0001	−8.51	0.65	<0.0001
−7	−$7745	$483	<0.0001	−7.74	0.49	<0.0001
−6	−$8027	$449	<0.0001	−7.06	0.36	<0.0001
−5	−$7027	$421	<0.0001	−6.63	0.29	<0.0001
−4	−$7061	$396	<0.0001	−6.13	0.23	<0.0001
−3	−$6696	$372	<0.0001	−5.73	0.18	<0.0001
−2	−$6419	$350	<0.0001	−4.88	0.15	<0.0001
−1	−$5781	$348	<0.0001	−3.49	0.13	<0.0001
0
1	−$3160	$345	<0.0001	−2.00	0.12	<0.0001
2	−$2491	$374	<0.0001	−1.61	0.14	<0.0001
High cost
Cancer	$9146	$346	<0.0001	−0.15	0.16	0.3781
HIV/AIDS	$6257	$3418	0.0672	−0.66	1.60	0.6803
Childbirth	$15 797	$1147	<0.0001	−2.78	0.64	<0.0001
Comorbidities
Hypertension	$6065	$276	<0.0001	−0.14	0.15	0.3408
Hyperlipidemia	$579	$244	0.0179	−0.11	0.13	0.4095
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	$6834	$535	<0.0001	−0.20	0.27	0.4705
Dementia	$33 724	$1813	<0.0001	−1.23	0.84	0.1429
Paralysis	$55 342	$2286	<0.0001	−0.36	1.05	0.7342
Liver disease	$4106	$335	<0.0001	−0.14	0.16	0.3909
Ulcers	$14 085	$939	<0.0001	−0.34	0.37	0.3586
Rheumatoid disease	$11 105	$934	<0.0001	−0.63	0.42	0.1373
Unadjusted mean outcome during index year	$17 615			47.1 mmol/mol

Coefficients in the total medical expenditure regression are in 2020 dollars. Coefficients in average HbA1c regression are in mmol/mol. The HbA1c sample includes person-years where an individual has at least one HbA1c test value during the year and is a subsample of the total medical expenditure sample.