Sample characteristics of individuals
| Variable | n (9847) | % or mean (SD) |
| Number of years in sample | ||
| 4 | 446 | 4.5% |
| 5 | 1595 | 16.2% |
| 6 | 1247 | 12.7% |
| 7 | 1094 | 11.1% |
| 8 | 870 | 8.8% |
| 9 | 858 | 8.7% |
| 10 | 665 | 6.8% |
| 11 | 770 | 7.8% |
| 12 | 880 | 8.9% |
| 13 | 1422 | 14.4% |
| Demographics during diagnosis year | ||
| Age | 9847 | 51.1 (8.7) |
| Female | 5169 | 52.5% |
| Asian | 583 | 5.9% |
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 835 | 8.5% |
| Hispanic | 1584 | 16.1% |
| Unknown race | 1505 | 15.3% |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 5340 | 54.2% |
| Those with high-cost conditions during index year | ||
| Cancer | 1307 | 13.3% |
| HIV/AIDS | 60 | 0.6% |
| Childbirth | 157 | 1.6% |
| Those with comorbidities during index year | ||
| Hypertension | 6308 | 64.1% |
| Hyperlipidemia | 6951 | 70.6% |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 449 | 4.6% |
| Dementia | 45 | 0.5% |
| Paralysis | 33 | 0.3% |
| Liver disease | 1123 | 11.4% |
| Ulcers | 174 | 1.8% |
| Rheumatoid disease | 221 | 2.2% |
| Morbid obesity | 1493 | 15.2% |
Sex, race, and ethnicity statistics are based on categories available in the deidentified Normative Health Information (dNHI) database. Individuals with missing values for race and ethnicity have been included in the unknown race category.