Non-telehealth users | Telehealth users | |||||||
Diabetes care process | Pre-pandemic (2018–2019) | During pandemic (2020–2021) | Absolute change (during vs pre) | Mean difference (95%CI)* | Pre-pandemic (2018–2019) | During pandemic (2020–2021) | Absolute change (during vs pre) | Mean difference (95% CI)* |
HbA1c (mean (SD); %) | 7.1 (1.5) | 7.2 (1.7) | 0.1 | 0.17 (0.11 to 0.22) | 7.2 (1.6) | 7.3 (1.6) | 0.1 | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) |
Systolic BP (mean (SD); mm Hg) | 132.4 (12.6) | 133.9 (14.1) | 1.5 | 2.05 (1.51 to 2.60) | 132.3 (11.5) | 134.1 (12.9) | 1.8 | 1.62 (1.44 to 1.81) |
Diastolic BP (mean (SD); mm Hg) | 72.6 (8.9) | 73.2 (10.0) | 0.6 | 0.2 (−0.14 to 0.56) | 72.0 (8.4) | 72.2 (9.1) | 0.2 | −0.04 (−0.16 to 0.08) |
LDL cholesterol (mean (SD); mg/dL) | 101.0 (39.0) | 98.1 (36.3) | −2.9 | −4.36 (−5.92 to −2.81) | 100.1 (39.4) | 91.5 (35.7) | −8.6 | −9.08 (−9.77 to −8.39) |
Creatinine (mean (SD); mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.5) | −0.1 | −0.02 (−0.04 to −0.01) | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.0 | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) |
OR (95% CI)† | OR (95% CI)† | |||||||
UACR (%, >300 mg/g)† | 6.0 | 6.1 | 0.1 | 1.26 (1.04 to 0.53) | 6.9 | 9.7 | 2.8 | 1.48 (1.36 to 1.62) |
Missingness: Pre-pandemic non-telehealth users: HbA1c=8.2%, BP=3.2%, cholesterol=20.3%, creatinine=8.8%, UACR=33.6%; pre-pandemic telehealth users: HbA1c=3.0%, BP=0.2%, cholesterol=15.4%, creatinine=2.5%, UACR=27.6%. During pandemic non-telehealth users: HbA1c=8.2%, BP=5.0%, cholesterol=20.3%, creatinine=8.8%, UACR=33.6%. During pandemic telehealth users: HbA1c=5.3%, BP=3.8%, cholesterol=24.0%, creatinine=3.3%, UACR=36.8%.
*Compares during versus pre-period, adjusted for baseline age; a 95% CI that does not include 0 is significant at p<0.05.
†A 95% CI that does not include one is significant at p<0.05.
BP, blood pressure; GEE, generalized estimating equatio; KPGA, Kaiser Permanente Georgia; UACR, urine-albumin-creatinine ratio.