Baseline patient demographic and clinical characteristics by basal insulin persistence and adherence status post-inverse probability of treatment weighting balancing, group with 1-year follow-up
| Metric* | Basal insulin persistence status | SMD | Basal insulin adherence status | SMD | ||
| Persistence | Non-Persistence | Adherence | Non-Adherence | |||
| Total patients, n (%) | 36,909 (100) | 28,058 (100) | 27,212 (100) | 37,758 (100) | ||
| Age, years | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 55.1 (10.5) | 55.2 (10.9) | −0.0017 | 55.2 (10.5) | 55.2 (10.7) | 0.0031 |
| Median (IQR) | 56 (12) | 56 (13) | 56 (13) | 56 (13) | ||
| Age group, n (%) | ||||||
| 18–34 years | 1,186 (3.2) | 923 (3.3) | 0.0466 | 881 (3.2) | 1,229 (3.3) | 0.0467 |
| 35–44 years | 4,043 (11.0) | 3,294 (11.7) | 2,919 (10.7) | 4,366 (11.6) | ||
| 45–54 years | 11,249 (30.5) | 8,573 (30.6) | 8,340 (30.6) | 11,491 (30.4) | ||
| 55–64 years | 15,553 (42.1) | 11,230 (40.0) | 11,447 (42.1) | 15,411 (40.8) | ||
| ≥65 years | 4,879 (13.2) | 4,038 (14.4) | 3,625 (13.3) | 5,260 (13.9) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 20,625 (55.9) | 15,663 (55.8) | 0.0012 | 15,215 (55.9) | 21,139 (56.0) | −0.0015 |
| Female | 16,284 (44.1) | 12,395 (44.2) | 11,997 (44.1) | 16,619 (44.0) | ||
| Geographical region, n (%) | ||||||
| Northeast | 6,389 (17.3) | 4,863 (17.3) | 0.0000 | 4,706 (17.3) | 6,529 (17.3) | 0.0000 |
| Midwest | 9,027 (24.5) | 6,853 (24.4) | 6,647 (24.4) | 9,238 (24.5) | ||
| South | 16,701 (45.3) | 12,691 (45.2) | 12,307 (45.2) | 17,088 (45.3) | ||
| West | 4,792 (13.0) | 3,651 (13.0) | 3,553 (13.1) | 4,903 (13.0) | ||
| Payer type, n (%) | ||||||
| Commercial | 21,780 (59.0) | 16,554 (59.0) | 0.0000 | 16,057 (59.0) | 22,273 (59.0) | 0.0000 |
| Medicaid | 958 (2.6) | 730 (2.6) | 708 (2.6) | 963 (2.5) | ||
| Medicare risk | 2,591 (7.0) | 1,976 (7.0) | 1,910 (7.0) | 2,645 (7.0) | ||
| Self-insured | 11,579 (31.4) | 8,798 (31.4) | 8,536 (31.4) | 11,877 (31.5) | ||
| Health plan type, n (%) | ||||||
| Health maintenance organization | 7,205 (19.5) | 5,490 (19.6) | 0.0000 | 5,334 (19.6) | 7,356 (19.5) | 0.0672 |
| Point-of-service | 2,090 (5.7) | 1,596 (5.7) | 1,545 (5.7) | 2,142 (5.7) | ||
| Preferred provider organization | 26,535 (71.9) | 20,159 (71.8) | 19,535 (71.8) | 27,158 (71.9) | ||
| Other/unknown | 1,079 (2.9) | 813 (2.9) | 797 (2.9) | 1,102 (2.9) | ||
| Index year, n (%) | ||||||
| 2016 | 14,009 (38.0) | 10,654 (38.0) | 0.0000 | 10,334 (38.0) | 14,325 (37.9) | 0.0000 |
| 2017 | 12,178 (33.0) | 9,249 (33.0) | 8,984 (33.0) | 12,453 (33.0) | ||
| 2018 | 10,722 (29.1) | 8,154 (29.1) | 7,894 (29.0) | 10,979 (29.1) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 21,678 (58.7) | 16,226 (57.8) | 0.0446 | 15,946 (58.6) | 22,041 (58.4) | 0.0446 |
| 1 | 6,661 (18.0) | 5,018 (17.9) | 4,886 (18.0) | 6,767 (17.9) | ||
| 2 | 4,128 (11.2) | 3,172 (11.3) | 3,071 (11.3) | 4,182 (11.1) | ||
| 3 | 2,009 (5.4) | 1,635 (5.8) | 1,470 (5.4) | 2,168 (5.7) | ||
| ≥4 | 2,433 (6.6) | 2,007 (7.2) | 1,839 (6.8) | 2,600 (6.9) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.9 (1.5) | 1.0 (1.6) | −0.0325 | 0.9 (1.5) | 0.9 (1.6) | −0.0145 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | ||
| Diabetes Complication Severity Index, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 18,318 (49.6) | 13,884 (49.5) | 0.0493 | 13,505 (49.6) | 18,770 (49.7) | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 7,810 (21.2) | 5,950 (21.2) | 5,775 (21.2) | 8,002 (21.2) | ||
| 2 | 5,036 (13.6) | 3,839 (13.7) | 3,691 (13.6) | 5,142 (13.6) | ||
| 3 | 2,636 (7.1) | 2,012 (7.2) | 1,946 (7.1) | 2,680 (7.1) | ||
| 4 | 1,533 (4.2) | 1,176 (4.2) | 1,120 (4.1) | 1,562 (4.1) | ||
| ≥5 | 1,577 (4.3) | 1,196 (4.3) | 1,174 (4.3) | 1,602 (4.2) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.5) | −0.0047 | 1.1 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.5) | 0.0006 |
| Median (IQR) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | ||
| Baseline ADM use, n (%) | ||||||
| No ADM | 6,563 (17.8) | 4,988 (17.8) | 0.0000 | 4,889 (18.0) | 6,673 (17.7) | 0.0000 |
| Oral only | 23,284 (63.1) | 17,694 (63.1) | 17,118 (62.9) | 23,850 (63.2) | ||
| Injectable only | 360 (1.0) | 284 (1.0) | 265 (1.0) | 372 (1.0) | ||
| Oral and injectable | 6,703 (18.2) | 5,093 (18.2) | 4,940 (18.2) | 6,863 (18.2) | ||
| Patients with CE ≥720 days following (and including) the index date, n (%) | 19,114 (51.8) | 14,232 (50.7) | 0.0213 | 14,128 (51.9) | 19,204 (50.9) | 0.0212 |
| Patients with linkage to AEMR during the study period, n (%) | 6,519 (17.7) | 4,953 (17.7) | 0.0002 | 4,802 (17.6) | 6,673 (17.7) | −0.0008 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%)† | ||||||
| White/Caucasian | 3,774 (57.9) | 2,641 (53.3) | 0.1890 | 2,817 (58.7) | 3,596 (53.9) | 0.1578 |
| Black/African American | 448 (6.9) | 486 (9.8) | 304 (6.3) | 643 (9.6) | ||
| Asian | 119 (1.8) | 115 (2.3) | 99 (2.1) | 131 (2.0) | ||
| Hispanic | 23 (0.4) | 27 (0.5) | 18 (0.4) | 33 (0.5) | ||
| Other | 102 (1.6) | 93 (1.9) | 85 (1.8) | 111 (1.7) | ||
| Unknown | 2,052 (31.5) | 1,591 (32.1) | 1,478 (30.8) | 2,160 (32.4) | ||
*Measured on the index date, unless otherwise specified .
†Race/ethnicity data is presented for patients with linkage to the Ambulatory Electronic Medical Records database.
ADM, antidiabetic medication; AEMR, Ambulatory Electronic Medical Records; CE, continuous enrollment; SMD, standardized mean difference.