Baseline characteristics of the participants by sex
| Overall | Female | Male | P value | |
| N | 1146 | 619 | 527 | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 54 (9.2) | 54 (9) | 54 (9.4) | 0.96 |
| Age category | ||||
| 35–44 | 185 (16.1%) | 95 (15.3%) | 90 (17.1%) | 0.67 |
| 45–64 | 802 (70.0%) | 435 (70.3%) | 367 (69.6%) | |
| ≥65 | 159 (13.9%) | 89 (14.4%) | 70 (13.3%) | |
| Education | ||||
| Up to primary | 337 (29.4%) | 259 (41.8%) | 78 (14.8%) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 499 (43.5%) | 237 (38.3%) | 262 (49.7%) | |
| College graduate and above | 303 (26.4%) | 119 (19.2%) | 184 (34.9%) | |
| Missing | 7 (0.6%) | 4 (0.6%) | 3 (0.6%) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years), median (IQR) | 7 (3–12) | 8 (4–12) | 6 (3–13) | 0.19 |
| Duration of diabetes | ||||
| <7 years | 537 (46.9%) | 275 (44.4%) | 262 (49.7%) | 0.076 |
| ≥ years | 595 (51.9%) | 336 (54.3%) | 259 (49.1%) | |
| Missing | 14 (1.2%) | 8 (1.3%) | 6 (1.1%) | |
| CVD | 78 (6.8%) | 35 (5.7%) | 43 (8.2%) | 0.093 |
| PVD | 66 (5.8%) | 40 (6.5%) | 26 (4.9%) | 0.27 |
| Retinopathy | 100 (8.7%) | 48 (7.8%) | 52 (9.9%) | 0.21 |
| Neuropathy | 380 (33.2%) | 210 (33.9%) | 170 (32.3%) | 0.55 |
| Current smoker | 34 (3.0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 32 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27 (5) | 28 (4.9) | 26 (5) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 13 (1.1%) | 5 (0.8%) | 8 (1.5%) | <0.001 |
| 18.5–22.9 | 171 (14.9%) | 68 (11.0%) | 103 (19.5%) | |
| 23.0–24.9 | 183 (16.0%) | 72 (11.6%) | 111 (21.1%) | |
| ≥25 | 779 (68.0%) | 474 (76.6%) | 305 (57.9%) | |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % mean (SD) | 9.9 (1.6) | 10 (1.6) | 9.9 (1.6) | 0.46 |
| Hemoglobin A1c %category | ||||
| <9 | 383 (33.4%) | 198 (32.0%) | 185 (35.1%) | 0.26 |
| ≥9 | 763 (66.6%) | 421 (68.0%) | 342 (64.9%) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 143.3 (19.4) | 141.8 (19.9) | 145.0 (18.8) | 0.007 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) category | ||||
| <140 | 350 (30.5%) | 200 (32.3%) | 150 (28.5%) | 0.16 |
| ≥140 | 796 (69.5%) | 419 (67.7%) | 377 (71.5%) | |
| LDL-c (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 122.4 (36.9) | 125.1 (38.3) | 119.2 (34.9) | 0.007 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) category | ||||
| <130 | 604 (52.7%) | 312 (50.4%) | 292 (55.4%) | 0.091 |
| ≥130 | 542 (47.3%) | 307 (49.6%) | 235 (44.6%) | |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD) | 96 (11) | 97 (12) | 95 (11) | 0.008 |
| Waist circumference | ||||
| <80 cm (women), <90 cm (men) | 185 (16.1%) | 29 (4.7%) | 156 (29.6%) | <0.001 |
| ≥80 cm (women), ≥ 90 cm (men) | 961 (83.9%) | 590 (95.3%) | 371 (70.4%) | |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI 2009) equation, mean (SD) | 83 (21) | 80 (21) | 86 (20) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI 2009) equation, median (IQR) | 84 (68, 98) | 81 (65, 97) | 87 (74, 100) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 0.98 (0.68) | 0.93 (0.83) | 1 (0.43) | 0.005 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (IQR), mg/g, median(IQR) | 66.6 (283.6) | 68.8 (350.7) | 64.1 (174.9) | 0.78 |
| <30 | 765 (66.8%) | 428 (69.1%) | 337 (63.9%) | 0.091 |
| 30–299.99 | 338 (29.5%) | 173 (27.9%) | 165 (31.3%) | |
| ≥300 | 43 (3.8%) | 18 (2.9%) | 25 (4.7%) | |
| EuroQol-5D Score, mean (SD) | 70 (20) | 68 (20) | 72 (19) | <0.001 |
| EuroQol-5D Score, median (IQR) | 70 (50–89) | 70 (50–85) | 75 (60–90) | <0.001 |
| Medication use, % | ||||
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 1083 (94.5%) | 592 (95.6%) | 491 (93.2%) | 0.068 |
| Metformin | 610 (53.2%) | 326 (52.7%) | 284 (53.9%) | 0.68 |
| Sulfonylurea | 419 (36.6%) | 235 (38.0%) | 184 (34.9%) | 0.29 |
| Blood pressure-lowering drugs | 714 (62.3%) | 479 (77.4%) | 356 (67.6%) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB | 317 (27.7%) | 135 (25.6%) | 182 (29.4%) | 0.153 |
| Beta-blockers | 110 (9.6%) | 68 (11.0%) | 42 (8.0%) | 0.084 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 116 (10.1%) | 67 (10.8%) | 49 (9.3%) | 0.39 |
| Thiazide | 58 (5.1%) | 31 (5.0%) | 27 (5.1%) | 0.93 |
| Statins | 679 (59.2%) | 378 (61.1%) | 301 (57.1%) | 0.17 |
Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (IQR Q1–Q3).
ACEi/ARB, ACE inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers ; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.