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The Maastricht Study: an extensive phenotyping study on determinants of type 2 diabetes, its complications and its comorbidities

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Abstract

The Maastricht Study is an extensive phenotyping study that focuses on the etiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), its classic complications, and its emerging comorbidities. The study uses state-of-the-art imaging techniques and extensive biobanking to determine health status in a population-based cohort of 10,000 individuals that is enriched with T2DM individuals. Enrollment started in November 2010 and is anticipated to last 5–7 years. The Maastricht Study is expected to become one of the most extensive phenotyping studies in both the general population and T2DM participants world-wide. The Maastricht study will specifically focus on possible mechanisms that may explain why T2DM accelerates the development and progression of classic complications, such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy and of emerging comorbidities, such as cognitive decline, depression, and gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and respiratory diseases. In addition, it will also examine the association of these variables with quality of life and use of health care resources. This paper describes the rationale, overall study design, recruitment strategy and methods of basic measurements, and gives an overview of all measurements that are performed within The Maastricht Study.

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Abbreviations

AGEs:

Advanced glycation end products

ATC-code:

Anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system

DVA:

Dynamic vessel analysis

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

EMG:

Electromyogram

HR-pQCT:

High resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography

IFG:

Impaired fasting glucose

IGT:

Impaired glucose tolerance

MVPA:

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity

NGT:

Normal glucose tolerance

OCT:

Optical coherence tomography

OGTT:

Oral glucose tolerance test

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

VFA:

Vertebral fracture assessment

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Acknowledgments

This study is supported by the European Regional Development Fund as part of OP-ZUID, the province of Limburg, the department of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands (grant 31O.041), Stichting the Weijerhorst, the Pearl String Initiative Diabetes, the Cardiovascular Center Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Stichting Annadal, Health Foundation Limburg and by unrestricted grants from Janssen, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. The regional association of General Practitioners (Zorg in Ontwikkeling (ZIO)) is gratefully acknowledged for their contribution to The Maastricht Study, enabling the invitation of individuals with T2DM by using information from their web-based electronic health record. Members of The Maastricht Study Group in alphabetic order: L.J. Anteunis, I.C.W. Arts, P. van Assema, W.H. Backes, T. Berendschot, A. Boonen, H. Bosma, H.P. Brunner- La Rocca, H.J. Crijns, P.C. Dagnelie, J.W. Dallinga, F. de Vries, H. de Vries, N.K. de Vries, N.H.T.M. Dukers-Muijrers, P.J. Emans, S. Evers, P.P. Geusens, A.P. Gorgels, R.M.A. Henry, D. Hilkman, C.J.P.A. Hoebe, A.P. Hoeks, P.A. Hofman, A.J. Houben, J.F.A. Jansen, M.A. Joore, M.E. Kooi, A. Koster, D. Kotz, S.P.J. Kremers, A.A. Kroon, A.A. Masclee, W.H. Mess, I. Mesters, J.W. Muris, C. Neef, N. Reijven, R.S. Reneman, J.P. Reulen, M. Sastry, H.H. Savelberg, P. Savelkoul, C.G. Schalkwijk, N.C. Schaper, F.J. van Schooten, U. Schotten, J.S. Schouten, M.T. Schram, S.J.S. Sep, J.A. Staessen, C.D.A. Stehouwer, E.E. Stobberingh, M.P.J. van Boxtel, J.P. van den Bergh, C.P. van der Grinten, C.J. van der Kallen, S. van der Linden, M.C. van Dongen, T.A. van Geel, R.J. van Oostenbrugge, L. van Osch, F.H. Vanmolkot, F.R.J. Verhey, G.J. Wesseling, J.E. Wildberger, E.F.M. Wouters, L.J. Zimmerman (Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands) and T. Kuznetsova and T. Richart (University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), J. Denollet and F. Pouwer (University of Tilburg, Tilburg, the Netherlands) and G.J. Biessels (University of Utrecht, the Netherlands). Advisory Committee: M.J. Daemen (Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), J.M. Dekker (VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), A. Hofman (Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands), L.J. Launer (National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA), W. van Mechelen (VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, M. Stoll (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Deutschland), K. Stronks (Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), J. Yudkin (Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University College London, Londen, UK).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Randwycksingel 35, 6229 EG, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Miranda T. Schram, Simone J. S. Sep, Carla J. van der Kallen, Nicolaas Schaper, Ronald M. A. Henry & Coen D. A. Stehouwer

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Pieter C. Dagnelie

  3. Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Annemarie Koster

  4. Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Miranda T. Schram, Simone J. S. Sep, Carla J. van der Kallen, Pieter C. Dagnelie, Nicolaas Schaper, Ronald M. A. Henry & Coen D. A. Stehouwer

  5. School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Pieter C. Dagnelie, Annemarie Koster, Nicolaas Schaper & Coen D. A. Stehouwer

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  1. Miranda T. Schram
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Correspondence to Miranda T. Schram.

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Schram, M.T., Sep, S.J.S., van der Kallen, C.J. et al. The Maastricht Study: an extensive phenotyping study on determinants of type 2 diabetes, its complications and its comorbidities. Eur J Epidemiol 29, 439–451 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9889-0

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