Regular paperUrinary incontinence and depression in middle-aged United States women
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The study population is drawn from participants in the Health and Retirement Survey, a large prospective population-based study36 funded by the National Institute of Aging and coordinated by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. The Health and Retirement Survey was designed to provide in-depth information about health, economic, and sociological issues surrounding retirement. At inception, target subjects ranged in age from 51 to 61 years; spouses of any age were also
Results
There were 5701 women in this sample. Nine hundred five women (15.9%) reported incontinence and 4796 did not. Of the total, 249 (4.4%) had severe incontinence, whereas 591 (10.5%) had mild-moderate incontinence. Sixty-five women did not respond to the frequency of incontinence question and could not be categorized. These 65 women are not included in subsequent logistic regression analyses.
Approximately one in ten women (9.8%) endorsed six or more symptoms on the revised Center for Epidemiologic
Discussion
Using data from a large population-based survey, we found that depression (assessed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–based depression tool) was significantly associated with the prevalence of urinary incontinence. After adjusting for covariates, women with severe incontinence were 80% more likely to be depressed, whereas for women with mild incontinence, the risk of depression was 40% higher than for women without incontinence. However, the association did not hold
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