In the wake of the reports of the Women's Health Initiative and the Heart and
Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS), which unexpectedly showed that …

productivity as a result of CVD, compared with $190 billion for cancer and $29 billion for
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 2 In addition to population-based and macroeconomic …

Conflicting findings may result from differences among cohorts, including sample size, age
ranges, length of time postmenopause, use of datasets not designed to study menopause …

† Representation does not imply endorsement by the American College of Physicians. The
American Heart Association makes every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of …

Background—There is substantial evidence that coronary calcification, a marker for the
presence and quantity of coronary atherosclerosis, is higher in US whites than blacks; …

ContextHormone replacement therapy (HRT) and antioxidant vitamins are widely used for
secondary prevention in postmenopausal women with coronary disease, but no clinical trials …

Objective: Methylation of the promoter region of the estrogen receptor gene alpha (ER α)
occurs as a function of age in human colon, and results in inactivation of gene transcription …

Objective: Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer of women. Identifying women at
risk of cardiovascular disease has tremendous public health importance. Early menopause …

Background Pericardial fat (ie, fat around the heart) may have a direct role in the
atherosclerotic process in coronary arteries through local release of inflammation-related …

Context One of 2 women in the United States dies of heart disease or stroke, yet women are
underdiagnosed and undertreated for these diseases and their risk factors. Informed …