Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in
elderly people globally. It is estimated that there will be more Asians with AMD than the rest …

Cell proliferation and differentiation are regulated by growth regulatory factors such as
transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) and the liphophilic hormone vitamin D. TGF-β causes …

Background Pachychoroid, or the structural and functional abnormalities of the choroid, is
one of the most important causes of exudative maculopathies. The purpose of this article is …

Purpose The term “pachychoroid” refers to a newly described phenotype in which functional
and structural choroidal changes are thought to play a key pathogenic role in a spectrum of …

The control of gene transfection in the body is a core issue in gene therapy. Photochemical
internalization is a technology that allows light-induced delivery of DNA, drugs or other …

Because there is no effective treatment for this retinal degeneration, potential application of
cell-based therapy has attracted considerable attention. Several investigations support that …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was
evaluated using a supramolecular nanomedical device, that is, a novel dendritic …

methods. HCECs were subjected to a sphere-forming assay in which spheres floated in
serum-free medium containing growth factors. To promote differentiation, the isolated sphere …

Importance Optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCT-A) is able to visualize retinal
microvasculature without the need for injection of fluorescein contrast dye. Nevertheless, it is …

purpose. Recently, indocyanine green (ICG) has been used to visualize the internal limiting
membrane during vitrectomy. After intraocular administration, ICG accumulates at the optic …